Sports Medicine - CQ2 Flashcards
(79 cards)
1
Q
Critical Question 2, DP1
Children and young athletes - Medical conditions (3)
A
- Asthma
- Diabetes
- Epilepsy
2
Q
Critical Question 2, DP1
Asthma
A
effects the airways & can make it hard to breath
3
Q
Critical Question 2, DP1
Asthma - signs and symptoms (6)
A
- tightness of chest
- difficulty breathing
- wheezing
- pale & sweaty skin
- shortness of breath
- rapid shallow breathing
4
Q
Critical Question 2, DP1
Asthma - management (6)
A
- reassure sufferer
- assist asthmatic into upright position
- assist administering 4 puffs of prescribed medication
- encourage sufferer to relax and control their breathing
- if breathing doesn’t improve after 4 minutes, repeat medication
- seek medical advice if there is no improvement
5
Q
Critical Question 2, DP1
Asthma - Implication (3)
A
- reduced sport participation
- sleep problems
- anxiety
6
Q
Critical Question 2, DP1
Asthma - strategies to reduce risk (4)
A
- avoid potential triggers (e.g. colds/flus, allergens, environmental or emotional factors etc.)
- ensure preventative medication is taken, if appropriate
- ensure suitable warm-up occurs
- monitor constantly through participation, treat as necessary (rest or medication)
7
Q
Critical Question 2, DP1
Diabetes
A
effects the bodies ability to properly maintain blood glucose levels
8
Q
Critical Question 2, DP1
Diabetes - Signs and Symptoms (hypoglycemia) (5)
A
- pale
- disoriented/slurred speech
- confusion
- shakiness, dizziness, drowsiness
- tired or weak
9
Q
Critical Question 2, DP1
Diabetes - Signs and Symptoms (hyperglycemia) (3)
A
- tired/drowsiness
- blurred vision
- increased thirst
10
Q
Critical Question 2, DP1
Diabetes - Management (hypoglycemia) (2)
A
- give sufferer high glycemic substance (15 grams) e.g. juice, gummies, soft drink
- after sugar, give low glycemic carbs (if necessary) e.g. fruit, biscuit
**apply DRSABCD & call 000, if unconscious
11
Q
Critical Question 2, DP1
Diabetes - Management (hyperglycemia) (3)
A
- Apply DRSABCD
- Don’t give sufferer any food with carbs, only water
- if conscious, allow them to administer medication (insulin)
12
Q
Critical Question 2, DP1
Diabetes - Implications (3)
A
- too much insulin = hypo (consequences of food choices)
- restless sleep (high at night)
- aerobic vs anaerobic exercise (blood sugar reacts differently)
13
Q
Critical Question 2, DP1
Diabetes - Strategies to reduce risk (6)
A
- pay attention to specific dietary needs
- monitor glucose levels
- be aware of young athletes limitations
ensure medication has been administer properly - close supervision during activity
- ensure glucose supplements are readily available
14
Q
Critical Question 2, DP1
Epilepsy
A
condition of recurring seizures due to a disturbance of electrochemical activity in the brain
15
Q
Critical Question 2, DP1
Epilepsy - types (2)
A
- Petit Mal
- Grand Mal
16
Q
Critical Question 2, DP1
Epilepsy - Petit Mal
A
Brief loss of conscience
17
Q
Critical Question 2, DP1
Epilepsy - Grand Mal
A
Muscular spasms & convulsion
18
Q
Critical Question 2, DP1
Epilepsy - Signs and Symptoms (Petit Mal) (3)
A
- stare
- have temporary loss of memory
- odd movements
**often goes unnoticed
19
Q
Critical Question 2, DP1
Epilepsy - Signs and Symptoms (Grand Mal) (3)
A
- suddenly cries out
- falls to ground
- their body is rigid/jerking movements
20
Q
Critical Question 2, DP1
Epilepsy - Management (Grand Mal) (3)
A
- ensure sufferer’s safety
- clearing area of hard/protruding objects immediately
- never restrain sufferer or put anything in their mouth - reassure & comfort sufferer once seizure has passed
- seek medical help
** if seizure continues longer than 10 minutes, seek medical attention
21
Q
Critical Question 2, DP1
Epilepsy - Implications (2)
A
- always need supervision
- ensure medication has been taken
22
Q
Critical Question 2, DP1
Epilepsy - Strategies to reduce risk (6)
A
- from first instance of seizure the person nearby must protect the sufferer from object that they could get hurt from
- be aware of triggers, types & extent of children’s seizures
- be aware of young athlete’s limitations
- closely supervise the activity/sport
- avoid certain sports which are not appropriate (water sports, contact sport)
- ensure medication is administered, if required
23
Q
Critical Question 2, DP1
Children and young athletes - Overuse injuries
A
occurs from repetitive actions that place too much stress on the bones, muscles & tendons. they are common in children due to their different growth rates of bines & soft tissues.
24
Q
Critical Question 2, DP1
Overuse injuries - Causes (7)
A
- growth spurts
- high training volume, intensity & frequency
- inadequate warm ups
- lack of good general fitness
- biomechanical problems (stress on body parts)
- unstable equipment (e.g. shoes)
- strength & flexibility imbalances
25
Critical Question 2, DP1
Overuse injuries - management (4)
- immediate rest for 4-8 weeks
- frequent use of ice to reduce inflammation
- possible use of anti-inflammatory medication
- use of corrective devices & exercise to improve mechanics (if caused by biomechanical factors)
26
Critical Question 2, DP1
Overuse injuries - Implications (3)
- Having a variety of sports/activities
- large rest periods
-recovery
27
Critical Question 2, DP1
Overuse injuries - Strategies to prevent (4)
- effective warm ups & cool downs
- fitness plans with variety of exercises
- gradually increasing weight
- leave time to recover
28
Critical Question 2, DP1
Thermoregulation
the ability to balance heat loss versus heat gain
29
Critical Question 2, DP1
Thermoregulation - signs and symptoms (heat gain) (11)
- dizziness/fainting
- hot & dry skin
- lack of sweating
- throbbing headache
- behavioral changes (e.g. confusion)
- muscle weakness & cramps
- nausea & vomiting
- rapid, shallow breathing
- rapid heartbeat
- seizures
- unconscious/coma
30
Critical Question 2, DP1
Thermoregulation - Signs & symptoms (heat loss) (4)
- loss of motor skills
- shivering
- decrease in blood circulation & skin temperature
- pale
31
Critical Question 2, DP1
Thermoregulation - Management (heat gain) (8)
1. move individual indoors/shady area
2. call 000/medical help (continue steps while waiting)
3. have the person lie down & elevate feet
4. if still conscious, have them sip cool water
5. remove clothing
6. cool the person by spraying cool water
7. apply damp sheets/towel/sponges/ice pack to:
- wrists & ankles
- armpits
- grain
8. use a fan to direct air onto the body
32
Critical Question 2, DP1
Thermoregulation - Management (heat loss) (5)
1. get the person indoors/warmer area
2. remove wet clothing
3. cover with blankets/towels
4. provide warm drinks
5. monitor breathing
** seek medical attention if symptoms worsen
33
Critical Question 2, DP1
Thermoregulation - Implications (heat gain) (5)
- sufficient shade to decrease heat exposure
- regular drink breaks to increase hydration
- avoid vigorous activity in extreme conditions (ambient air temperature is 34 degrees C)
- children shouldn't exercise for long periods of time in extreme weather
- appropriate clothing (allows air flow)
34
Critical Question 2, DP1
Thermoregulation - Implications (heat loss) (3)
- Children shouldn't exercise for long periods of time in extreme weather
- appropriate clothing (layers, close to skin)
- longer warm ups
35
Critical Question 2, DP1
Thermoregulation - strategies to reduce risk (heat gain) (5)
- sufficient shade
- regular drink breaks (avoid dehydration)
- avoid vigorous exercise
- short time exercising
- appropriate clothing
36
Critical Question 2, DP1
Thermoregulation - Strategies to reduce risk (heat loss) (4)
- appropriate clothing (traps body heat)
- avoid getting wet
- wear warm head gear
- have appropriate shelter to stay warm
37
Critical Question 2, DP1
Resistance training - benefit
best exercise for developing strength in children are those using/lifting their own body weight
- e.g. push ups, squats, chin-ups
- decrease risk of injury
38
Critical Question 2, DP1
Resistance training - use
- low weights and high reps
- close supervision and correct technique is vital
- maximum lifting should be avoided
39
Critical Question 2, DP1
Resistance training - injuries associated are mainly related to... (5)
- poor technique
- excessive loads
- absence of warm up & cool downs
- poorly designed equipment
- unqualified adult supervision
40
Critical Question 2, DP2
Adults & Aged athletes - medical conditions
- heart conditions
- fractures/bone density
- flexibility & joint mobility
41
Critical Question 2, DP2
Heart conditions - includes (3)
- individuals with high blood pressure
- have experienced heart attacks or other heart problems
- have had bypass surgery
42
Critical Question 2, DP2
Heart conditions - benefits of exercise (2)
- low BP in moderately hypertensive patients
- must be combined with balanced diet (low salt & fat)
43
Critical Question 2, DP2
Heart conditions - sport options available (with medical clearance & pre screening) (7)
- aerobic exercise 30-45 minutes a day, 3-4x a week
- increase warm up & cool downs to increase circulation
- moderate intensity (50-65% - Heart rate below 160)
- stretch & light loads
- tailored program suit needs & medical requirements
- progress = gradual (must be suitable)
- monitor dizziness, nausea, shortness of breath, chest pain (if experienced, stop exercising)
44
Critical Question 2, DP2
Fractures/Bone density - individuals who are pre-disposed (3)
- females in early menopause
- females with poor diet
- females with limited physical activity
45
Critical Question 2, DP2
Fractures/bone density - description (3)
- aged bones are more fragile, less dense
- encouraged to exercise to build bone strength
- important post menopaused (decrease bone density leads to injuries which can cause loss of independence)
46
Critical Question 2, DP2
Fractures/bone density - types of exercise available (3)
- endurance (walking, swimming, cycling)
- low impact balance activities to build strength & mobility (aerobic)
- low resistance strengthen exercises focusing on core muscle groups (limbs, core, back)
47
Critical Question 2, DP2
Fractures/bone density - benefits to exercise (2)
- physical activity increases bone mass & strength (especially weight resistance activities e.g. jogging, weight lifting)
- opportunity to socialise
48
Critical Question 2, DP2
Fractures/bone density - limitations (3)
- high loads should be avoided & resistance developed gradually
- seek medical advice before beginning to exercise
- new activities are falling risks (should be recorded and avoid risk)
49
Critical Question 2, DP2
Flexibility & joint mobility - description (3)
- increase age leads to decrease flexibility and joint mobility
- exercise positively effects flexibility
- arthritis, arching joints & tight muscles respond positively to exercise programs that focus on stretching & improving range of motion
50
Critical Question 2, DP2
Flexibility & joint mobility - Sport options available (3)
Programs need to be:
- low impact
- specific to persons physical limits
- consider existing medical conditions
e.g. walking, yoga, Pilates & swimming
51
Critical Question 2, DP2
Flexibility & joint mobility - limitation
consider existing medical conditions that might limit movement
52
Critical Question 2, DP2
Exercise programs for aged athletes - key considerations (9)
- improve physical fitness
- develop posture
- aim to decrease fractures caused by falls
increase:
- balance & stability
- bone density
- strength
- balance
- flexibility
- aerobic capacity
53
Critical Question 2, DP3
Female Athletes - conditions
- eating disorders
- iron deficiency
- bone density
- pregnancy
54
Critical Question 2, DP3
Eating disorders - description
Athletes need to ensure they consume adequate food to meet the increased energy demand on their body but many sports such as gymnastics, dance & beach volleyball have added pressure (not from how well they pay) to obtain a certain physique which can lead to eating disorders. some female athletes take extreme dietary measures through restricting food intake to achieve this physique.
55
Critical Question 2, DP3
Eating disorders - Cause
social pressures (to have a certain body type/physique)
56
Critical Question 2, DP3
Eating disorders - Symptoms (6)
- loss of energy
- irregular menstrual cycles
- weak bones (low bone density)
- abnormal heart rhythm
- starvation
- mental health issues
57
Critical Question 2, DP3
Eating disorders - conditions associated (8)
- limited energy supply
- amenorrhea
- osteoporosis
- low blood pressure
- malnutrition
- anxiety & depression
- dental erosion
- damage to esophagus
58
Critical Question 2, DP3
Eating disorders - effect on sport (6)
- decrease energy leading to inability to perform
- low BP leading to dizziness therefore an inability to play properly
- poor mental health as a result of body image, protentional dealing of isolation due to pressure
- muscular weakness leading to decrease strength & endurance
- impair recovery due to lack of nutrition & energy (glycogen stores are not able to replenished)
- serious overall health complications (long term)
59
Critical Question 2, DP3
Eating disorders - management/strategies to reduce risk (5)
- seek medical assistance
- educating female athletes on healthy eating (particularly iron, calcium & energy needs)
- effectively dealing with stress
- developing positive self-esteem & self image
- encouraging personal best rather than perfection
60
Critical Question 2, DP3
Bone density - description
the strength of a person's bones is linked to their calcium intake, exercise & diet. calcium plays a crucial role in the functioning of the female body.
61
Critical Question 2, DP3
Bone density - calcium role (6)
- muscle contractions
- transporting nutrients in & out of cells
- blood clotting
- building strong bones
- regulating energy & metabolism
- activating enzymes
62
Critical Question 2, DP3
Bone density - cause
not consuming enough calcium
63
Critical Question 2, DP3
Bone density - symptoms (4)
- back pain
- loss of height over time
- stooped posture
- bones breaking easier than expected
64
Critical Question 2, DP3
Bone density - conditions associated (2)
- osteoporosis (dangerously low bone density)
- osteopenia (low bone density)
65
Critical Question 2, DP3
Bone density - effect on sport (6)
- risk of injury is increased leading to hard tissue & overuse injuries
- limitations in strength, power & agility therefore decreased performance
- limited sport choices (contact sports are high risk)
- prolonged healing due to poor bone density
- reduction in bone mass leading to increased chance of osteoporosis
- hormonal changes lead to decreased energy expenditure
66
Critical Question 2, DP3
Bone density - management/strategies to reduce risk (1)
1. meet recommended dietary intake (RDI) by eating calcium rich foods
- yogurt, cheese, salmon, tofu, skim milk (full cream for teenagers & younger)
the RDI for calcium per day for females is
- 14-18: 1300mg
- 19-50: 1000mg
67
Critical Question 2, DP3
Iron deficiency - description
iron is an essential mineral needed for the formation of red blood cells which carry oxygen to working muscles & organs. when iron is depleted, hemoglobin is decreased & oxygen is unable to travel around the body. female athletes, especially endurance athletes, have an increased risk of having low iron due to training
68
Critical Question 2, DP3
Iron deficiency - cause
not consuming enough iron & exercising. females need to be careful as their bodies have a hard time taking in iron consumed & mensuration can affect iron levels (females lose more iron due to mensuration)
69
Critical Question 2, DP3
Iron deficiency - symptoms (8)
- extreme fatigue
- breathlessness
- weakness
- pale skin
- brittle nails
- headaches
- dizziness
- light-headedness
70
Critical Question 2, DP3
Iron deficiency - conditions associated (1)
Anemia: result of intense training where iron reserves are drained
- loss of iron in sweat
- destruction of red blood cells (from increased body temp.)
abnormally low levels of iron, resulting in less oxygen being carried to organs through hemoglobin
71
Critical Question 2, DP3
Iron deficiency - effect on sport (8)
- can lead to anemia
- affects endurance (iron is crucial for oxygen transportation)
- decreased energy therefore decreased performance
- fatigue leading to decrease concentration & low blood pressure
- impaired recovery leading to prolonged stiffness & soreness
- increase risk of injury due to decrease capability to repair muscles
- slow healing of injury
- decrease capability for endurance
72
Critical Question 2, DP3
Iron deficiency - management/strategies to reduce risk (2)
1. meet recommended dietary intake (RDI)
- read meet, liver, tuna, dark green leafy veg (e.g. spinach, broccoli), beans, lentils
the RDI for iron per day for females:
- 14-18: 15mg
- 19-50: 18mg
** higher intake is required for active females
2. Eat foods rich in vitamin C
- helps with the absorption of iron
73
Critical Question 2, DP3
Pregnancy - benefits of exercise (5)
research suggests that exercise during pregnancy is beneficial for both the mother & developing baby
- decrease risk of excessive weight gain
increase self-esteem, self image & wellbeing
- decrease risk of cardiovascular disease
- decrease risk of type 2 & gestational diabetes
- increase physiological functioning (meet the oxygen & energy demand)
74
Critical Question 2, DP3
Pregnancy - considerations
participation in physical activity during pregnancy has raised issued that coaches & players need to consider
- if a female is not active before pregnancy & wants to participate in exercise it is important that they have a consultation with a medical professional beforehand to ensure safety
75
Critical Question 2, DP3
Pregnancy - symptoms (which affect sport) (3)
- relaxed ligaments (increase joint & overall injury risk)
- changes in body can increase risk of: overheating, dehydration, decrease BGL
- normal pregnancy symptoms (weakness, fatigue, nausea etc.)
76
Critical Question 2, DP3
Pregnancy - conditions associated (4)
- anemia (low iron)
- gestation diabetes
- mental health issues (anxiety & depression)
- high blood pressure
77
Critical Question 2, DP3
Pregnancy - effect on sport
minimal contact sport:
e.g. doubles tennis, netball
- considered safe in the 1st trimester
- advice from a health professional is advised if wanting to continue into 2nd trimester
contact sport
e.g. football, hockey
- safe only in 1st trimester
78
Critical Question 2, DP3
Pregnancy - strategies to reduce risk (3)
- avoiding exercising in hot & humid weather to ensure no overheating
- take care of muscle strength as hormones lead to ligaments becoming relaxed
- increased weight & growing belly can lead to increased risk of injury
79
Critical Question 2, DP3
Pregnancy - management (2)
- seek medical advice
- avoid contact sport
