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PDHPE > Sports Medicine - CQ2 > Flashcards

Sports Medicine - CQ2 Flashcards

1
Q

Critical Question 2, DP1

Children and young athletes - Medical conditions (3)

A
  • Asthma
  • Diabetes
  • Epilepsy
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2
Q

Critical Question 2, DP1

Asthma

A

effects the airways & can make it hard to breath

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3
Q

Critical Question 2, DP1

Asthma - signs and symptoms (6)

A
  • tightness of chest
  • difficulty breathing
  • wheezing
  • pale & sweaty skin
  • shortness of breath
  • rapid shallow breathing
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4
Q

Critical Question 2, DP1

Asthma - management (6)

A
  1. reassure sufferer
  2. assist asthmatic into upright position
  3. assist administering 4 puffs of prescribed medication
  4. encourage sufferer to relax and control their breathing
  5. if breathing doesn’t improve after 4 minutes, repeat medication
  6. seek medical advice if there is no improvement
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5
Q

Critical Question 2, DP1

Asthma - Implication (3)

A
  • reduced sport participation
  • sleep problems
  • anxiety
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6
Q

Critical Question 2, DP1

Asthma - strategies to reduce risk (4)

A
  • avoid potential triggers (e.g. colds/flus, allergens, environmental or emotional factors etc.)
  • ensure preventative medication is taken, if appropriate
  • ensure suitable warm-up occurs
  • monitor constantly through participation, treat as necessary (rest or medication)
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7
Q

Critical Question 2, DP1

Diabetes

A

effects the bodies ability to properly maintain blood glucose levels

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8
Q

Critical Question 2, DP1

Diabetes - Signs and Symptoms (hypoglycemia) (5)

A
  • pale
  • disoriented/slurred speech
  • confusion
  • shakiness, dizziness, drowsiness
  • tired or weak
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9
Q

Critical Question 2, DP1

Diabetes - Signs and Symptoms (hyperglycemia) (3)

A
  • tired/drowsiness
  • blurred vision
  • increased thirst
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10
Q

Critical Question 2, DP1

Diabetes - Management (hypoglycemia) (2)

A
  1. give sufferer high glycemic substance (15 grams) e.g. juice, gummies, soft drink
  2. after sugar, give low glycemic carbs (if necessary) e.g. fruit, biscuit

**apply DRSABCD & call 000, if unconscious

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11
Q

Critical Question 2, DP1

Diabetes - Management (hyperglycemia) (3)

A
  1. Apply DRSABCD
  2. Don’t give sufferer any food with carbs, only water
  3. if conscious, allow them to administer medication (insulin)
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12
Q

Critical Question 2, DP1

Diabetes - Implications (3)

A
  • too much insulin = hypo (consequences of food choices)
  • restless sleep (high at night)
  • aerobic vs anaerobic exercise (blood sugar reacts differently)
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13
Q

Critical Question 2, DP1

Diabetes - Strategies to reduce risk (6)

A
  • pay attention to specific dietary needs
  • monitor glucose levels
  • be aware of young athletes limitations
    ensure medication has been administer properly
  • close supervision during activity
  • ensure glucose supplements are readily available
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14
Q

Critical Question 2, DP1

Epilepsy

A

condition of recurring seizures due to a disturbance of electrochemical activity in the brain

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15
Q

Critical Question 2, DP1

Epilepsy - types (2)

A
  • Petit Mal
  • Grand Mal
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16
Q

Critical Question 2, DP1

Epilepsy - Petit Mal

A

Brief loss of conscience

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17
Q

Critical Question 2, DP1

Epilepsy - Grand Mal

A

Muscular spasms & convulsion

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18
Q

Critical Question 2, DP1

Epilepsy - Signs and Symptoms (Petit Mal) (3)

A
  • stare
  • have temporary loss of memory
  • odd movements

**often goes unnoticed

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19
Q

Critical Question 2, DP1

Epilepsy - Signs and Symptoms (Grand Mal) (3)

A
  • suddenly cries out
  • falls to ground
  • their body is rigid/jerking movements
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20
Q

Critical Question 2, DP1

Epilepsy - Management (Grand Mal) (3)

A
  1. ensure sufferer’s safety
    - clearing area of hard/protruding objects immediately
    - never restrain sufferer or put anything in their mouth
  2. reassure & comfort sufferer once seizure has passed
  3. seek medical help

** if seizure continues longer than 10 minutes, seek medical attention

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21
Q

Critical Question 2, DP1

Epilepsy - Implications (2)

A
  • always need supervision
  • ensure medication has been taken
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22
Q

Critical Question 2, DP1

Epilepsy - Strategies to reduce risk (6)

A
  • from first instance of seizure the person nearby must protect the sufferer from object that they could get hurt from
  • be aware of triggers, types & extent of children’s seizures
  • be aware of young athlete’s limitations
  • closely supervise the activity/sport
  • avoid certain sports which are not appropriate (water sports, contact sport)
  • ensure medication is administered, if required
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23
Q

Critical Question 2, DP1

Children and young athletes - Overuse injuries

A

occurs from repetitive actions that place too much stress on the bones, muscles & tendons. they are common in children due to their different growth rates of bines & soft tissues.

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24
Q

Critical Question 2, DP1

Overuse injuries - Causes (7)

A
  • growth spurts
  • high training volume, intensity & frequency
  • inadequate warm ups
  • lack of good general fitness
  • biomechanical problems (stress on body parts)
  • unstable equipment (e.g. shoes)
  • strength & flexibility imbalances
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25
Q

Critical Question 2, DP1

Overuse injuries - management (4)

A
  • immediate rest for 4-8 weeks
  • frequent use of ice to reduce inflammation
  • possible use of anti-inflammatory medication
  • use of corrective devices & exercise to improve mechanics (if caused by biomechanical factors)
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26
Q

Critical Question 2, DP1

Overuse injuries - Implications (3)

A
  • Having a variety of sports/activities
  • large rest periods
    -recovery
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27
Q

Critical Question 2, DP1

Overuse injuries - Strategies to prevent (4)

A
  • effective warm ups & cool downs
  • fitness plans with variety of exercises
  • gradually increasing weight
  • leave time to recover
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28
Q

Critical Question 2, DP1

Thermoregulation

A

the ability to balance heat loss versus heat gain

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29
Q

Critical Question 2, DP1

Thermoregulation - signs and symptoms (heat gain) (11)

A
  • dizziness/fainting
  • hot & dry skin
  • lack of sweating
  • throbbing headache
  • behavioral changes (e.g. confusion)
  • muscle weakness & cramps
  • nausea & vomiting
  • rapid, shallow breathing
  • rapid heartbeat
  • seizures
  • unconscious/coma
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30
Q

Critical Question 2, DP1

Thermoregulation - Signs & symptoms (heat loss) (4)

A
  • loss of motor skills
  • shivering
  • decrease in blood circulation & skin temperature
  • pale
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31
Q

Critical Question 2, DP1

Thermoregulation - Management (heat gain) (8)

A
  1. move individual indoors/shady area
  2. call 000/medical help (continue steps while waiting)
  3. have the person lie down & elevate feet
  4. if still conscious, have them sip cool water
  5. remove clothing
  6. cool the person by spraying cool water
  7. apply damp sheets/towel/sponges/ice pack to:
    - wrists & ankles
    - armpits
    - grain
  8. use a fan to direct air onto the body
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32
Q

Critical Question 2, DP1

Thermoregulation - Management (heat loss) (5)

A
  1. get the person indoors/warmer area
  2. remove wet clothing
  3. cover with blankets/towels
  4. provide warm drinks
  5. monitor breathing

** seek medical attention if symptoms worsen

33
Q

Critical Question 2, DP1

Thermoregulation - Implications (heat gain) (5)

A
  • sufficient shade to decrease heat exposure
  • regular drink breaks to increase hydration
  • avoid vigorous activity in extreme conditions (ambient air temperature is 34 degrees C)
  • children shouldn’t exercise for long periods of time in extreme weather
  • appropriate clothing (allows air flow)
34
Q

Critical Question 2, DP1

Thermoregulation - Implications (heat loss) (3)

A
  • Children shouldn’t exercise for long periods of time in extreme weather
  • appropriate clothing (layers, close to skin)
  • longer warm ups
35
Q

Critical Question 2, DP1

Thermoregulation - strategies to reduce risk (heat gain) (5)

A
  • sufficient shade
  • regular drink breaks (avoid dehydration)
  • avoid vigorous exercise
  • short time exercising
  • appropriate clothing
36
Q

Critical Question 2, DP1

Thermoregulation - Strategies to reduce risk (heat loss) (4)

A
  • appropriate clothing (traps body heat)
  • avoid getting wet
  • wear warm head gear
  • have appropriate shelter to stay warm
37
Q

Critical Question 2, DP1

Resistance training - benefit

A

best exercise for developing strength in children are those using/lifting their own body weight
- e.g. push ups, squats, chin-ups
- decrease risk of injury

38
Q

Critical Question 2, DP1

Resistance training - use

A
  • low weights and high reps
  • close supervision and correct technique is vital
  • maximum lifting should be avoided
39
Q

Critical Question 2, DP1

Resistance training - injuries associated are mainly related to… (5)

A
  • poor technique
  • excessive loads
  • absence of warm up & cool downs
  • poorly designed equipment
  • unqualified adult supervision
40
Q

Critical Question 2, DP2

Adults & Aged athletes - medical conditions

A
  • heart conditions
  • fractures/bone density
  • flexibility & joint mobility
41
Q

Critical Question 2, DP2

Heart conditions - includes (3)

A
  • individuals with high blood pressure
  • have experienced heart attacks or other heart problems
  • have had bypass surgery
42
Q

Critical Question 2, DP2

Heart conditions - benefits of exercise (2)

A
  • low BP in moderately hypertensive patients
  • must be combined with balanced diet (low salt & fat)
43
Q

Critical Question 2, DP2

Heart conditions - sport options available (with medical clearance & pre screening) (7)

A
  • aerobic exercise 30-45 minutes a day, 3-4x a week
  • increase warm up & cool downs to increase circulation
  • moderate intensity (50-65% - Heart rate below 160)
  • stretch & light loads
  • tailored program suit needs & medical requirements
  • progress = gradual (must be suitable)
  • monitor dizziness, nausea, shortness of breath, chest pain (if experienced, stop exercising)
44
Q

Critical Question 2, DP2

Fractures/Bone density - individuals who are pre-disposed (3)

A
  • females in early menopause
  • females with poor diet
  • females with limited physical activity
45
Q

Critical Question 2, DP2

Fractures/bone density - description (3)

A
  • aged bones are more fragile, less dense
  • encouraged to exercise to build bone strength
  • important post menopaused (decrease bone density leads to injuries which can cause loss of independence)
46
Q

Critical Question 2, DP2

Fractures/bone density - types of exercise available (3)

A
  • endurance (walking, swimming, cycling)
  • low impact balance activities to build strength & mobility (aerobic)
  • low resistance strengthen exercises focusing on core muscle groups (limbs, core, back)
47
Q

Critical Question 2, DP2

Fractures/bone density - benefits to exercise (2)

A
  • physical activity increases bone mass & strength (especially weight resistance activities e.g. jogging, weight lifting)
  • opportunity to socialise
48
Q

Critical Question 2, DP2

Fractures/bone density - limitations (3)

A
  • high loads should be avoided & resistance developed gradually
  • seek medical advice before beginning to exercise
  • new activities are falling risks (should be recorded and avoid risk)
49
Q

Critical Question 2, DP2

Flexibility & joint mobility - description (3)

A
  • increase age leads to decrease flexibility and joint mobility
  • exercise positively effects flexibility
  • arthritis, arching joints & tight muscles respond positively to exercise programs that focus on stretching & improving range of motion
50
Q

Critical Question 2, DP2

Flexibility & joint mobility - Sport options available (3)

A

Programs need to be:
- low impact
- specific to persons physical limits
- consider existing medical conditions
e.g. walking, yoga, Pilates & swimming

51
Q

Critical Question 2, DP2

Flexibility & joint mobility - limitation

A

consider existing medical conditions that might limit movement

52
Q

Critical Question 2, DP2

Exercise programs for aged athletes - key considerations (9)

A
  • improve physical fitness
  • develop posture
  • aim to decrease fractures caused by falls
    increase:
  • balance & stability
  • bone density
  • strength
  • balance
  • flexibility
  • aerobic capacity
53
Q

Critical Question 2, DP3

Female Athletes - conditions

A
  • eating disorders
  • iron deficiency
  • bone density
  • pregnancy
54
Q

Critical Question 2, DP3

Eating disorders - description

A

Athletes need to ensure they consume adequate food to meet the increased energy demand on their body but many sports such as gymnastics, dance & beach volleyball have added pressure (not from how well they pay) to obtain a certain physique which can lead to eating disorders. some female athletes take extreme dietary measures through restricting food intake to achieve this physique.

55
Q

Critical Question 2, DP3

Eating disorders - Cause

A

social pressures (to have a certain body type/physique)

56
Q

Critical Question 2, DP3

Eating disorders - Symptoms (6)

A
  • loss of energy
  • irregular menstrual cycles
  • weak bones (low bone density)
  • abnormal heart rhythm
  • starvation
  • mental health issues
57
Q

Critical Question 2, DP3

Eating disorders - conditions associated (8)

A
  • limited energy supply
  • amenorrhea
  • osteoporosis
  • low blood pressure
  • malnutrition
  • anxiety & depression
  • dental erosion
  • damage to esophagus
58
Q

Critical Question 2, DP3

Eating disorders - effect on sport (6)

A
  • decrease energy leading to inability to perform
  • low BP leading to dizziness therefore an inability to play properly
  • poor mental health as a result of body image, protentional dealing of isolation due to pressure
  • muscular weakness leading to decrease strength & endurance
  • impair recovery due to lack of nutrition & energy (glycogen stores are not able to replenished)
  • serious overall health complications (long term)
59
Q

Critical Question 2, DP3

Eating disorders - management/strategies to reduce risk (5)

A
  • seek medical assistance
  • educating female athletes on healthy eating (particularly iron, calcium & energy needs)
  • effectively dealing with stress
  • developing positive self-esteem & self image
  • encouraging personal best rather than perfection
60
Q

Critical Question 2, DP3

Bone density - description

A

the strength of a person’s bones is linked to their calcium intake, exercise & diet. calcium plays a crucial role in the functioning of the female body.

61
Q

Critical Question 2, DP3

Bone density - calcium role (6)

A
  • muscle contractions
  • transporting nutrients in & out of cells
  • blood clotting
  • building strong bones
  • regulating energy & metabolism
  • activating enzymes
62
Q

Critical Question 2, DP3

Bone density - cause

A

not consuming enough calcium

63
Q

Critical Question 2, DP3

Bone density - symptoms (4)

A
  • back pain
  • loss of height over time
  • stooped posture
  • bones breaking easier than expected
64
Q

Critical Question 2, DP3

Bone density - conditions associated (2)

A
  • osteoporosis (dangerously low bone density)
  • osteopenia (low bone density)
65
Q

Critical Question 2, DP3

Bone density - effect on sport (6)

A
  • risk of injury is increased leading to hard tissue & overuse injuries
  • limitations in strength, power & agility therefore decreased performance
  • limited sport choices (contact sports are high risk)
  • prolonged healing due to poor bone density
  • reduction in bone mass leading to increased chance of osteoporosis
  • hormonal changes lead to decreased energy expenditure
66
Q

Critical Question 2, DP3

Bone density - management/strategies to reduce risk (1)

A
  1. meet recommended dietary intake (RDI) by eating calcium rich foods
    - yogurt, cheese, salmon, tofu, skim milk (full cream for teenagers & younger)

the RDI for calcium per day for females is
- 14-18: 1300mg
- 19-50: 1000mg

67
Q

Critical Question 2, DP3

Iron deficiency - description

A

iron is an essential mineral needed for the formation of red blood cells which carry oxygen to working muscles & organs. when iron is depleted, hemoglobin is decreased & oxygen is unable to travel around the body. female athletes, especially endurance athletes, have an increased risk of having low iron due to training

68
Q

Critical Question 2, DP3

Iron deficiency - cause

A

not consuming enough iron & exercising. females need to be careful as their bodies have a hard time taking in iron consumed & mensuration can affect iron levels (females lose more iron due to mensuration)

69
Q

Critical Question 2, DP3

Iron deficiency - symptoms (8)

A
  • extreme fatigue
  • breathlessness
  • weakness
  • pale skin
  • brittle nails
  • headaches
  • dizziness
  • light-headedness
70
Q

Critical Question 2, DP3

Iron deficiency - conditions associated (1)

A

Anemia: result of intense training where iron reserves are drained
- loss of iron in sweat
- destruction of red blood cells (from increased body temp.)

abnormally low levels of iron, resulting in less oxygen being carried to organs through hemoglobin

71
Q

Critical Question 2, DP3

Iron deficiency - effect on sport (8)

A
  • can lead to anemia
  • affects endurance (iron is crucial for oxygen transportation)
  • decreased energy therefore decreased performance
  • fatigue leading to decrease concentration & low blood pressure
  • impaired recovery leading to prolonged stiffness & soreness
  • increase risk of injury due to decrease capability to repair muscles
  • slow healing of injury
  • decrease capability for endurance
72
Q

Critical Question 2, DP3

Iron deficiency - management/strategies to reduce risk (2)

A
  1. meet recommended dietary intake (RDI)
    - read meet, liver, tuna, dark green leafy veg (e.g. spinach, broccoli), beans, lentils

the RDI for iron per day for females:
- 14-18: 15mg
- 19-50: 18mg
** higher intake is required for active females

  1. Eat foods rich in vitamin C
    - helps with the absorption of iron
73
Q

Critical Question 2, DP3

Pregnancy - benefits of exercise (5)

A

research suggests that exercise during pregnancy is beneficial for both the mother & developing baby
- decrease risk of excessive weight gain
increase self-esteem, self image & wellbeing
- decrease risk of cardiovascular disease
- decrease risk of type 2 & gestational diabetes
- increase physiological functioning (meet the oxygen & energy demand)

74
Q

Critical Question 2, DP3

Pregnancy - considerations

A

participation in physical activity during pregnancy has raised issued that coaches & players need to consider
- if a female is not active before pregnancy & wants to participate in exercise it is important that they have a consultation with a medical professional beforehand to ensure safety

75
Q

Critical Question 2, DP3

Pregnancy - symptoms (which affect sport) (3)

A
  • relaxed ligaments (increase joint & overall injury risk)
  • changes in body can increase risk of: overheating, dehydration, decrease BGL
  • normal pregnancy symptoms (weakness, fatigue, nausea etc.)
76
Q

Critical Question 2, DP3

Pregnancy - conditions associated (4)

A
  • anemia (low iron)
  • gestation diabetes
  • mental health issues (anxiety & depression)
  • high blood pressure
77
Q

Critical Question 2, DP3

Pregnancy - effect on sport

A

minimal contact sport:
e.g. doubles tennis, netball
- considered safe in the 1st trimester
- advice from a health professional is advised if wanting to continue into 2nd trimester

contact sport
e.g. football, hockey
- safe only in 1st trimester

78
Q

Critical Question 2, DP3

Pregnancy - strategies to reduce risk (3)

A
  • avoiding exercising in hot & humid weather to ensure no overheating
  • take care of muscle strength as hormones lead to ligaments becoming relaxed
  • increased weight & growing belly can lead to increased risk of injury
79
Q

Critical Question 2, DP3

Pregnancy - management (2)

A
  • seek medical advice
  • avoid contact sport

PDHPE (7 decks)

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