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Kinesiology > Sports Injuries > Flashcards

Sports Injuries Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 major types of injuries?

A
  • Minor
  • Moderate
  • Major
  • Catastrophic
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2
Q

What does it mean to have a minor injury?

A

You can go back in less than 1 week.

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3
Q

What does it mean to have a moderate injury?

A

You can go back in 7-14 days.

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4
Q

What does it mean to have a major injury?

A

You can’t go back for more than 14 days.

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5
Q

What is a catastrophic injury and where is it commonly seen?

A

A permanent injury, usually to the spine, neck, or head.

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6
Q

What does STIM stand for?

A

Soft tissue injury management

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7
Q

What are soft tissues?

A

Muscles, skin, organs, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, bursa, brain

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8
Q

How do injuries to soft tissues usually happen?

A

Direct blow, twisting, or stretching of the tissue.

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9
Q

How does the body react to a soft tissue injury?

A

It produces an inflammation in the injured area.

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10
Q

What are the signs of inflammation?

A

SHARP

  • swelling
  • heat
  • altered function
  • redness
  • pain
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11
Q

How should you view pain?

A

As a warning sign of soft tissue injury, and the need for rest from activity. Possibly referral to a medical professional.

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12
Q

What are the 3 stages of STIM?

A
  • Acute
  • Sub-Acute
  • Advanced
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13
Q

How long does acute STIM last?

A

3-4 days

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14
Q

What is the desired with acute STIM?

A

Decrease swelling, and thus pain.

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15
Q

How can swelling be decreased in an acute STIM?

A

PIER

  • pressure
  • ice
  • elevation
  • rest
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16
Q

What does SHARP stand for?

A
  • Swelling
  • Heat
  • Altered Function
  • Redness
  • Pain
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17
Q

What does PIER stand for?

A
  • Pressure
  • Ice
  • Elevation
  • Rest
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18
Q

What does pressure do for injuries?

A
  • Decrease bleeding due to vasoconstriction

- Decrease space available for swelling

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19
Q

What does ice do for injuries?

A
  • Cause vasoconstriction=less blood flow=less swelling=less pain
  • Causes decrease in metabolism, so less oxygen is needed
  • Decreases pain due to numbing nerve fibres
  • Decreases muscle spasms
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20
Q

What does elevation do for injuries?

A

Reduces blood flow due to gravity

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21
Q

What does rest due for injuries?

A

Keeps heart rate slow and regular, which decreased blood flow and swelling.

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22
Q

What is a sports injury?

A

Anything that occurs to a tissue as a result of playing a sport or physical activity.

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23
Q

How long for sub-acute STIM?

A

4 days until range of motion is normal

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24
Q

What is the goal for sub-acute STIM? How can this be achieved?

A

Increase range of motion and get rid of swelling. This can be done with heat, cold/heat, and stretching.

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25
Q

What does heat do for sub-acute STIM?

A

Increases blood flow so white blood cells can remove waste/dead cells.

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26
Q

What does the cold/heat combination do for sub-acute STIM, and how do you do it?

A

It causes the pumping of blood vessels helping to get rid of dead cells.

  • Heat-1 minute
  • Cold-3 minutes
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27
Q

When would you use advanced STIM?

A

When the range of motion is normal and swelling is gone.

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28
Q

What is the goal for advanced STIM?

A

Increase strength to pre-injury level using resistive exercise.

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29
Q

When can you play again after a soft tissue injury?

A

When there is no pain, full range of motion, , and full strength.

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30
Q

What are the classifications of sports injuries?

A
  • Tissue type
  • Body region
  • Specific injury
  • Degree
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31
Q

Bruises

A

AT-contusion, haematoma
SS-discolouration, swelling, tenderness
ET-blunt blow to soft tissue
Rx-PIER

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32
Q

Scrapes

A

AT-abrasion
ET-injury to the skin due to friction against a hard surface,
skin is removed
Rx-clean with peroxide, alcohol, or saline;
ointment;gauze;dress
-need to prevent infection

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33
Q

Cuts

A

AT-lacerations
ET-a sharp blow to soft tissue, which cuts the skin, or
even what’s underneath it
Rx-pressure & elevation with a clean dressing to stop
bleeding and prevent infection. May need to close
wound, so stitches or steri-strips. Cover. Keep clean,
and rest so you don’t reopen it.

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34
Q

Blisters

A

AT-vesicualtions
ET-large amounts of friction on an area of the skin. The
body creates a pad of water to alleviate the pressure.
Rx-open from the bottom-up to prevent infection. If not
opening, build a wall (donut) around it to remove
pressure and friction. Change equipment if necessary

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35
Q

Strains: definition and etiology

A

Stretch, tear, or rip in muscle or tendon.
ET-repetitive micro stretches, leading to tissue
breakdown
-single, violent contraction or over stretch

36
Q

Signs/symptoms of a 1st degree strain

A

Possible haematoma, local pain increased by muscle tension, minor loss of strength, some swelling

37
Q

Signs/symptoms of a 2nd degree strain

A

Similar to 1st degree but to a greater degree.

38
Q

Signs/symptoms of a 3rd degree strain (rupture)

A

Loss of muscle function, palpable defect in muscle, pain, noise (pop) at time of rupture

39
Q

How do you treat a strain?

A

1st/2nd-PIER and STIM

3rd-surgery

40
Q

Sprains: definition and etiology

A

Stretch, tear, or rip in ligament. Can be violent or chronic.
ET-traumatic joint movement that results in stretching or tearing of the tissues stabilizing the joint.

41
Q

1st Degree Sprain

A

SS-pain, minimal loss of function, mild point tenderness,
little to no swelling
Dx-place a mild stress in the same direction as aetiology,
which will cause discomfort
Rx-PIER

42
Q

2nd Degree Sprain

A

SS-pain, moderate loss of function, swelling, slight to moderate joint disability
Dx-place a mild stress in the same direction of cause. Will
cause discomfort and some joint instability.
Rx-PIER and follow trough protocol through advanced
stage. May need external aid (brace)

43
Q

3rd Degree Sprain

A

SS-severe pain, major loss of function, marked instability,
tenderness, swelling, may have spontaneous partial
dislocation
Dx-place mild stress test in direction of cause. Will show
joint instability
Rx-surgery

44
Q

What is a dislocation?

A

A dislocation occurs primarily from forces causing the joint to go past its normal anatomical limit.

45
Q

Where do dislocations happen?

A

Within movable joints (especially fingers and shoulder)

46
Q

Dislocations

A

AT-luxations (complete) and subluxations (partial)
ET-severe blow to the joint, usually occurs in the same
direction as force of impact
SS-deformity, point tenderness, swelling, loss of use, pain
on attempted use
Dx-look for deformities and palpate the area. Movement
will cause severe pain. X-rays are needed to see if
stabilizing structures have pulled away portions of the
bone
Rx-may set itself or needs to be set immediately by a
profesional
-PIER
-strengthen

47
Q

Where do separations occur?

A

Between the bones of a non-movable joint (especially in shoulder)

48
Q

Signs/symptoms of a 1st degree separation

A

Little pain or disability, no deformity, point tenderness

49
Q

Signs/symptoms of a 2nd degree separation

A

Subluxation of bones, therefore visual deformity, pain, swelling, point tenderness, inability to abduct. Ligaments severely stretched.

50
Q

Signs/symptoms of a 3rd degree separation

A

Luxation of bones, therefore gross deformity, loss of ability, severe pain, disability.

51
Q

Separation: etiology and treatment

A

ET-usually direct blow to the relatively unprotected clavicle, or the transmittal of force through other bones
Rx- a) application of cold and pressure
b) stabilization of joint using a sling
c) referral to professional practitioner

52
Q

How are fractures named?

A

For the line of break

53
Q

Fractures

A

SS-swelling and deformity, limited range of movement,
point tenderness, indirect tenderness, grating
AT-closed/simple (when it does not break skin)
-open/compound (when it breaks the skin
Rx- immobilize in the position you find it in using a splint, contact professional practitioner immediately (who will use x-rays for Dx and Rx)

54
Q

Why do we tape?

A

To stabilize the joint (stability) and support ligaments

55
Q

What are the first 3 steps of taping?

A

1) Find ET
2) History of person - allergies, previous injury, chronic injury
3) Prepare skin-shave/prewrap with adhesive spray
avoid prewrap

56
Q

How are joints assessed?

A

The HOPE principle

57
Q

What does HOPE stand for?

A

History
Observation
Palpation
Examination

58
Q

What does history discover? (HOPE)

A

Etiology, previous injuries, position of joint when hurt

59
Q

What does observation look for? (HOPE)

A

Swelling, discolouration, deformity, favouring the injury/limping, symmetry

60
Q

What does palpation find? (HOPE)

A

Point tenderness

61
Q

What are the different modes of assessment for examination? (HOPE)

A

Active
Passive
Resistive

62
Q

Active examination of of joint assessments

A

Get patient to move joint through its ROM.

63
Q

Passive examination of of joint assessments

A

Patient needs to be relaxed. Trainer moves joint through its normal ROM and checks for non-contractile damage to ligaments, bursar, menisci.

64
Q

Resistive examination of of joint assessments

A

Apply resistance to movement. Tests strength and therefore muscle/tendon damage.

65
Q

What is shock?

A

Sudden decrease in circulatory blood volume
OR
Sudden increase in vascular bed capacity (vasodilation)-too much blood in certain areas and not enough in others.

66
Q

What do you need to remember regarding shock?

A
  • Etiology
  • Recognition of signs and symptoms
  • Treatment (how to manage shock)
  • Prevention (better to prevent shock than treat)
67
Q

What are the signs/symptoms of shock?

A

Decreased:

  • Blood pressure
  • Breathing
  • Pulse
  • Consciousness
68
Q

How do you manage shock?

A
  • Remove cause
  • Increase venous return
  • Maintain normal body temperature
  • Re-assure
69
Q

How do you increase venous return?

A

If the face is pale, raise the tail … if the face is red, raise the head.

70
Q

How do you maintain normal body temperature?

A

Do not add heat. If heat is being lost, add a blanket.

71
Q

How do you re-assure the victim?

A

Don’t let them see the injury, loosen restrictive clothing, give fluids if they are fully alert.

72
Q

What are concussions?

A

Transient impairment of neurological function.

73
Q

How are concussions characterized?

A

By degrees-1st, 2nd, 3rd

74
Q

Concussion etiology

A
  • Direct blow to head
  • Hard landing on feet or tailbone
  • Forceful movement or rotation of head with respect to rest of body (whiplash)
  • Blow to jaw
  • Direct blow to chest
75
Q

How do you asses for a concussion while laying down?

A
  • Check level of consciousness (talk to them)
  • Re-assure them, do not move them, etiology
  • Stabilize head, rule pout spinal injury
  • Check mental confusion (where, who , what, etc)
  • Ask for headache or tinitis
76
Q

How do you asses for a concussion while sitting up?

A
  • Check vision (near and far)
  • Check memory (remember word and ask again later)
  • Check hand-eye coordination
  • Check mental confusion (100-7-7)
77
Q

How do you asses for a concussion while standing?

A

Check balance (eyes open and closed)

78
Q

What are things to watch for if there is no formal concussion assessment?

A

Vacant stare, delayed verbal or motor responses, confusion or inability to focus, disorientation, slurred/incoherent speech, incoordination, emotions out of proportion, memory deficits

79
Q

When can you go back to play after a grade 1 concussion?

A

15 minutes asymptomatic

80
Q

When can you go back to play after multiple grade 1 concussions?

A

1 week asymptomatic

81
Q

When can you go back to play after a grade 2 concussion?

A

1 week asymptomatic

82
Q

When can you go back to play after multiple grade 2 concussions?

A

2 weeks asymptomatic

83
Q

When can you go back to play after a grade 3 concussion? (brief loss of consciousness)

A

1 week

84
Q

When can you go back to play after a grade 3 concussion? (prolonged loss of consciousness)

A

2 weeks

85
Q

When can you go back to play after multiple grade 3 concussions?

A

1 month or longer

Kinesiology (5 decks)

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