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Kinesiology > Directional Terms, Skeletal Anatomy > Flashcards

Directional Terms, Skeletal Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is anatomical position and what does it look like?

A

Starting reference point Universally accepted Standing erect, facing forward, arms at sides, palms facing forward, legs straight, heels feet and great toes parallel to each other

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2
Q

Lateral

A

Away from midline

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3
Q

Medial

A

Towards the midline

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4
Q

Distal

A

Further from specific region (distant)

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5
Q

Proximal

A

Closer to specific region (approximately, close proximity)

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6
Q

Anterior

A

In front of/front half of body

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7
Q

Posterior

A

Behind/back half of body

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8
Q

Superior

A

Above

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9
Q

Inferior

A

Below

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10
Q

Supine

A

Lying on back (bench pressing)

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11
Q

Prone

A

Lying face down (push-uping)

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12
Q

Median/midsagittal/sagittal plane

A

Vertical plane that cuts body into left and right halves

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13
Q

Coronal/frontal plane

A

Vertical plane that cuts body into front and back halves

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14
Q

Transverse/horizontal plane

A

Horizontal plane that cuts body into top and bottom halves

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15
Q

Centre of gravity

A

Where all 3 planes meet

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16
Q

Flexion

A

Reduces angle between 2 bones at a joint

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17
Q

Extension

A

Increases angle between 2 bones at a joint

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18
Q

Dorsiflexion

A

Bring toes and top of foot towards leg

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19
Q

Plantar flexion

A

Pointing toes down “planting foot”

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20
Q

Abduction

A

Moving segment away from midline

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21
Q

Adduction

A

Moving segment towards midline

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22
Q

Circumduction

A

Cone motion, but is not rotation flexion/extension + abduction/adduction

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23
Q

Rotation

A

Turning bone on its horizontal axis

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24
Q

Medial rotation

A

Rotation towards midline

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25
Q

Lateral rotation

A

Rotation away from midline

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26
Q

Pronation

A

When palm is turned to face posteriorly

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27
Q

Supination

A

When palm is turned to face anteriorly (hold a bowl of soup)

28
Q

Inversion

A

When sole is turned in (ankle goes over)

29
Q

Eversion

A

When sole is turned outward

30
Q

What are the functions of the skeleton?

A

-Support tissues and provide a framework for the body -Protect organs -Provide a stored reserve of phosphorus and calcium (which may be drawn upon in time of need) -Bone marrow is the site of red blood cell production -Provide levers on which muscles pull to create movement

31
Q

Name the categories of bone

A

Long, short, flat, irregular Sesamoid, wormian

32
Q

Long bones

A

Any bone whose length greatly exceeds its diameter Provide levers for movement Tubular shell with a cavity in the middle

33
Q

What are some examples of long bones?

A

Tibia, fibula, ulna, radius, HUMERUS, FEMUR

34
Q

Short bones

A

Serve as good shock absorbers No marrow cavity

35
Q

What are some examples of short bones?

A

Tarsals, carpals

36
Q

Flat bones

A

Largely protect underlying organs No marrow cavity

37
Q

What are some examples of flat bones?

A

Cranium, ribs, scapula, sternum, clavicle

38
Q

Irregular shaped bones

A

Cannot be put in other groups because they fulfil special functions No marrow cavity

39
Q

What are some examples of irregular shaped bones?

A

Facial bones and vertebrae

40
Q

Sesamoid bones

A

Form in tendons

41
Q

Give an example of a sesamoid bone.

A

Patella

42
Q

What is wormian bone and where can it be found?

A

Small jigsaw fragments which are found along sutures of skull.

43
Q

What are the 2 types of bone?

A

Compact/cortical bone and spongy/cancellous bone

44
Q

Compact/ cortical bone

A

Dense/smooth appearance On the outside

45
Q

Spongy/cancellous bone

A

Composed out of small needle-like pieces of bone and has lots of open space On the inside

46
Q

List examples of movements in the frontal axis.

A

Cartwheel, jumping jacks

47
Q

List examples of movements in the median axis.

A

Flip, summersault, sit up, dive, walking

48
Q

List examples of movements in the horizontal/transverse axis.

A

Spin, pirouette

49
Q

What makes up the structure of a long bone?

A

Diaphysis, periosteum, epiphysis, epiphyseal growth plates, articular cartilage, yellow bone marrow, red bone marrow

50
Q

Diaphysis

A

Shaft that runs the bone’s length

51
Q

Periosteum

A

Covers and protects the diaphysis

52
Q

Epiphyses

A

Ends of a long bone Contains a thin layer of compact bones surrounding an area filled with spongy bone

53
Q

Epiphyseal growth plates

A

Seen in young developing bone (replaced by epiphyseal line when ossified in adult bones) Area of lengthwise bone growth Where the diaphysis meets the epiphyses

54
Q

Articular cartilage

A

Covers the epiphyses Provides a smooth/slippery surface for articulation (the joint)

55
Q

Yellow bone marrow

A

Storage of fat

56
Q

Red bone marrow

A

Forms blood cells

57
Q

What are bones composed of?

A

Calcium carbonate & calcium phosphate, collagen, water

58
Q

What role do calcium carbonate & calcium phosphate have in the composition of bones?

A

60-70% of bone weight

Provide much of bone’s stiffness and resistance to pressing or squeezing forces

59
Q

What role does collagen play in the composition of bones?

A

Collagen is a protien

It gives bone it’s flexability and contributes to its ability to resist pulling and stretching forces

60
Q

What effect does fitness have on bone?

A

When subjected to regular physical activity and habitual loads, they become denser and more mineralized. Inactivity works in the opposite direction.

61
Q

What is ossification and how does it happen?

A

Bone tissues begin as soft cartilaginous tissues that are predominantly collagen based. The collagen acts as a flexible framework for the bone. The calcium later acts as drywall, filling in all the gaps to harden the bone. This is called ossification.

62
Q

Why is ossification necessary for human survival?

A

The cranium is compressed at birth and later ossifies to ensure that brain is in a solid case.

63
Q

Why is weightlifting at a young age detrimental to health?

A

Growth plates are not ossified until adolescence or adulthood, when growing is complete, so they are the most succeptable place of injury.

64
Q

How do irregular shaped bones ossify?

A

From the inside outwards (sutures on cranium do not ossify until 2 years of age)

65
Q

For what two reasons do bones become more brittle?

A

Loss of collagen

Osteoporosis

66
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A

Lack of calcium due to deficiency in diet or inability to absorb calcium based on hormones.

67
Q

How can osteoporosis be prevented?

A

Diet high in calcium, INCREASED PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, possibility of hormone replacement (with doctor’s prescription)

Kinesiology (5 decks)

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