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Kinesiology > Biomechanics > Flashcards

Biomechanics Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 phases of skill movement?

A

Preliminary, back swing, force-producing, critical instant, follow through

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2
Q

What are preliminary movements?

A

Prepare to perform the skill, getting into the ready position.

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3
Q

What does the backswing do?

A

Aid in force production, allows for force to be created.

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4
Q

What do force producing movements do?

A

Produce the force for the impact

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5
Q

What is the critical instant?

A

The movement at impact/release

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6
Q

What is the follow-through?

A

Recovery movements, continuation of all the previous movements

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7
Q

What are the biomechanical principals?

A 
Stability
Maximum effort (maximum force and maximum velocity)
Linear motion (applied impulse and direction)
Angular motion (angular motion and angular momentum)
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8
Q

Principle #1 Stability

A

Stable balance requires:

  • Low centre of gravity
  • Wide base of support
  • COG within the base
  • Large mass
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9
Q

Principle #2 Maximum Force

Maximum Effort

A

The production of maximum force requires the use of all joints that can be used.

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10
Q

Principle #3 Maximum Velocity

Maximum Effort

A

Human movement requires the use of all joints in order from largest to smallest.

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11
Q

Principle #4 Applied Impulse

Linear Motion

A

The greater the implied impulse , the greater the increase in velocity.

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12
Q

Principle #5 Direction

Linear Motion

A

Human movement occurs in the direction opposite of the applied force.

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13
Q

Principle #6 Angular Motion

Angular Motion

A

Angular motion is produced by the application of a force acting at some distance from an axis or a torque.

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14
Q

Principle #7 Angular Momentum

Angular Motion

A

Angular momentum is constant when an athlete or object is free in the air.

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15
Q

What is gravity?

A

A force that exerts a downwards pull on everything

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16
Q

What is the COG of a person?

A

Imaginary point where masses are concentrated (balance point)

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17
Q

What is the line of gravity?

A

A line passing straight down through the COG to the ground (perpendicular)

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18
Q

What is mass?

A

Measure of the resistance of the athlete or object to linear motion.

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19
Q

What happens with greater mass?

A

Greater resistance to motion

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20
Q

What happens with lower COG?

A

Higher stability

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21
Q

How do you lower COG?

A

Bend knees and waist

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22
Q

What does lowering the COG do?

A

Makes it more difficult for opponents to push them off balance.

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23
Q

What is the base of support?

A

The feet and the space between then?

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24
Q

What happens with greater area of BOS?

A

Higher stability

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25
Q

Where do we want COG to be? Why?

A

As close as possible to the middle of the BOS. For more stability.

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26
Q

What is the line of gravity related to stability?

A

If LOG falls out of BOS there is less balance

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27
Q

What happens with increased mass?

A

Increased stability

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28
Q

What is mass good for? Bad?

A

+ Makes it harder to fall of balance

- May affect speed

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29
Q

What happens with more external weight?

A

More stability problems

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30
Q

Why do athletes want to be unstable?

A

To increase ability to move more quickly in a certain direction.

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31
Q

What does dynamic balance do?

A

Maintains stability while moving

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32
Q

What is force?

A

Push or pull that causes motion

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33
Q

What is acceleration?

A

Rate of change of velocity

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34
Q

Newtons Laws

A

1-inertia
2-acceleration
3-action and reaction

35
Q

How do you get maximum force?

A

Slower, controlled movements at a high intensity

36
Q

How are the skills of maximum velocity performed?

A

Sequentially-large and slow to small and fast joints

37
Q

What is good and bad with a longer implement?

A

+Greater speed at end of lever

  • Takes greater force
  • Less control
38
Q

Preliminary movements of overhand baseball pitch

A

-Pivots on throwing arm leg and turns body sideways to batter

39
Q

Backswing movements of overhand baseball pitch

A
  • Swings stride leg upward while flexing pivot leg to increase stability
  • Hips rotate backward even more and COG moves farther back from base
40
Q

What do the preliminary movements of overhand baseball pitch do?

A

Bring the muscles of the hips and trunk to a position where they can contribute maximum force to the throw.

41
Q

What do the backswing movements of overhand baseball pitch do?

A

From this position, the pitcher can use as many joints as possible and move them through a maximal range of motion to accelerate the pitching arm.

42
Q

Force-producing movements of overhand baseball pitch

A
  • Extending supporting led and driving body forward onto front foot
  • Hips rotate to face batter
  • Forceful rotation of hips and shoulders causes the trunk to rotate rapidly
  • Speed is transferred to pitching arm when pitcher stops rotating trunk
  • Shoulder is forcefully medially rotated with the upper arm at 90° to the shoulder
  • Elbow is extended, forearm pronated, and some wrist flexion at release
43
Q

Critical instant of overhand baseball pitch

A

When ball is released

  • Body is fully extended, throwing arm is extended above shoulder and slightly in front of head
  • Back leg is extended
  • Trunk leans away from throwing arm
  • Head leans to side away from throw
44
Q

Follow-through of overhand baseball pitch

A
  • Throwing arm continues from release down and across from of body (continue to lean forward)
  • Throwing arm is relaxed and the velocity of the arm is dissipated over the greatest time and distance possible to prevent injury
45
Q

Stationary motion

A

(Stable motion)

Occurs when body is balanced and there is no significant movement.

46
Q

Linear motion

A

Movement of an object in a straight line. Described by how far and how fast.

47
Q

Example of stationary motion

A

Handstand

48
Q

Example of linear motion

A

Athlete on bobbled going down track

49
Q

When is linear motion produced?

A

When forces are applied directly through the COG.

50
Q

Angular motion

A

Occurs when the body or a part undergoes rotation.

51
Q

Example of angular motion

A

Somersaults, spins

52
Q

What is the result of application of force?

A

Angular/rotary motion OR translatory motion

53
Q

Angular/rotary motion

A

Object turning about an axis OR object moving through an arc

54
Q

Translatory motion

A

Whole object being moved from one location to another. Can be rectilinear (linear) or curvilinear.

55
Q

Rectilinear (linear) motion

A

Movement of the object as a whole with all parts moving in the same direction, same distance, and uniform speed.

56
Q

What does rectilinear (linear) motion involve?

A

The point of application of force being on a line perpendicular to the LOG and parallel to the surface being acted upon.

57
Q

Curvilinear motion

A

Object moving in a curved (not circular) path from one place to another (parabolic curve).

58
Q

What does curvilinear motion involve?

A
  • Any projectile acted upon by gravity in which its motion goes from liner to curved
  • COG of projectile following the parabolic curve and not changing in mid-flight unless a new external force is introduced
59
Q

Which two types of motion are often found at the same time? What is this called? List examples.

A

Angular + transitory = general motion

  • Wheels of car rotate to cause it to move forward
  • Person rotates limbs to move forward
  • Footballs
  • Frisbees
60
Q

Momentum

A

Amount of motion that an athlete has developed. Depends on mass and velocity.

61
Q

How do you calculate linear momentum?

A

mass x velocity

62
Q

Impulse

A

Application of force over a certain time to change the amount of momentum in an athlete/object.

63
Q

Joint range of motion

A

ROM of a joint

64
Q

Streamlining

A

Making athlete/object as smooth as possible so that the flow or water or air past it is smooth.
When the lines of flow are parallel.

65
Q

How is streamlining achieved?

A

By minimizing the surface area facing flow and making it as smooth as possible.

66
Q

What type of motion is all other types produced by?

A

Angular motion

67
Q

Where is the axis of rotation when the whole body is rotating(cartwheel)?

A

The point of contact with the ground, so it may be always changing.

68
Q

Where is the axis of rotation when airborne?

A

Through the COG

69
Q

Angular velocity

A

Velocity of an athlete/object/body segment in angular version.

70
Q

Moment (torque)

A

Tendency to rotate about an axis of rotation.

71
Q

How is moment calculated?

A

magnitude of force x distance of weight from axis of rotation (radius)

72
Q

Moment of inertia

A

Measure of resistance to angular motion.

73
Q

How is moment of inertia calculated?

A

mr²
m=mass
r=radius (distance from axis of rotation)

74
Q

Angular Momentum

A

Quantity of angular motion

75
Q

When is angular momentum of interest?

A

When athletes are spinning freely in the air or want to control rotations on a low-friction surface.

76
Q

How is angular momentum calculated?

A

moment of inertia x angular velocity
OR
(angular distance² /time)(mr² )

77
Q

When does angular momentum for rotations need to be created? Why?

A

Before take-off because it is constant after.

78
Q

How can athletes alter their angular motion?

A

Increase inertia to decrease angular velocity.

Decrease inertia to increase angular velocity.

79
Q

When do athletes rotate?

A

When off-centre forces are applied to their bodies.

80
Q

How can an object’s flight be made more stable?

A

By applying spin.

81
Q

Why are irregularities on an object in flight?

A

It will set up turbulences, which will produce uneven forces, which creates an erratic flight.

82
Q

High pressure on a ball

A

Low velocity where the layer of air on the ball is moving opposite air flow.

83
Q

Low pressure on a ball

A

High velocity where the layer of air on the ball is moving in the same direction as air flow.

Kinesiology (5 decks)

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