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Kinesiology > Articular System, Muscular Anatomy > Flashcards

Articular System, Muscular Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Name the classifications of joints

A

Synovial, cartilaginous, and fibrous

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2
Q

Describe synovial joints and list examples

A

Freely movable (shoulder, hip, knee, elbow)

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3
Q

Describe cartilaginous joints and give an example

A

Slightly moveable (lower vertebrae)

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4
Q

Describe fibrous joints and give an example

A

Immovable (sutures in skull)

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5
Q

Name the joint types

A

Hinge, gliding, ball and socket, pivot, saddle, immovable

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6
Q

Describe a hinge joint and list some examples

A

The bones fit together like 2 parts of a hinge. Moves in 1 axis. (elbow, fingers)

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7
Q

Describe a gliding joint and give an example

A

The gliding surfaces are flat and the surfaces merely slide across one another (upper vertebrae)

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8
Q

Describe a ball and socket joint and list some examples

A

Ball shape of one bone fits into the socket shape of the other. Movements in all 3 axes. (shoulder, hip)

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9
Q

Describe a pivot joint and list some examples

A

One bone rotates around another. Moves in 1 axis. (radius/ulna, head/neck)

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10
Q

Describe a saddle joint and give an example

A

Freely moving joint like a saddle 2 axes. Oval head into a shallow cavity. (thumb)

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11
Q

What do tendons connect?

A

Muscle to bone

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12
Q

What do ligaments connect?

A

Bone to bone

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13
Q

What are tendons and ligaments?

A

Fibrous connective tissues made of collagen fibres.

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14
Q

Why are tendons, ligaments, and cartilage slow to repair?

A

They have poor blood supply.

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15
Q

What is cartilage made of?

A

Mostly protein

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16
Q

What are the characteristics of cartilage?

A

Firm (like bone), but still smooth and flexible.

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17
Q

Where is cartilage found?

A
  • Joint surfaces of bones, where the smooth surfaces help prevent friction
  • Menisci and intervertebral disks
  • External ear and nose
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18
Q

List some common examples of tendons

A
  • Achilles (between calves and calcaneus)

- Patellar (between quads and anterior tibia)

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19
Q

Give an example of a ligament

A

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) –>knee

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20
Q

What are the three types of muscle?

A

Smooth, cardiac, skeletal (striated)

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21
Q

What muscle type is under our conscience control?

A

Skeletal

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22
Q

Where is smooth muscle found and what does it do?

A

It lines the arteries and the gastrointestinal tract. It wraps around these vessels and helps in the peristaltic movements of the contents

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23
Q

Where is cardiac muscle found and what does it do?

A

It is only found in the heart. It can maintain its own rhythmic contractions.

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24
Q

What is skeletal (striated) muscle?

A

The muscles of motion

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25
Q

How does skeletal (striated) muscle work?

A

2 types of proteins interact to cause muscle shortening

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26
Q

What can training do for skeletal (striated) muscle?

A

It changes the characteristics of the muscle, increasing the amount of hypertrophy.

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27
Q

What is a muscle contraction?

A

A dynamic mechanical process involving the shortening of a muscle cell and the passive mechanical process involving the lengthening of a muscle cell.

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28
Q

What are the 2 basic types of muscle contractions?

A

Isometric (static) and isotonic

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29
Q

What happens in an isometric (static) contraction?

A

Tension is developed but there is no change in the external length of the muscle. It maintains stability.

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30
Q

Give an example of an isometric (static) contraction

A

Pushing against a wall

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31
Q

What is an isotonic contraction?

A

A normal contraction where the length of muscle fibres change.

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32
Q

What are the two types of isotonic contractions?

A

Concentric and eccentric

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33
Q

What happens in a concentric contraction?

A

The muscle shortens

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34
Q

What happens in an eccentric contraction?

A

The muscle lengthens

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35
Q

What type of contraction is more likely to result in injury? Why?

A

Eccentric because it is unusual work

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36
Q

What are the tree types of muscle fibre?

A

Type 1–> slow twitch, oxidative, red muscle fibre
Type 2b–> fast twitch, fast glycolytic, white muscle fibre
Type 2a-> fast oxidative glycolytic (FOG)

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37
Q

Type 1 muscle fibre is extremely oxidative. What does this mean?

A

They contain many mitochondria, which use oxygen to liberate energy. This means we are using our aerobic energy system.

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38
Q

What energy system are we using with type 1 muscle fibre?

A

Aerobic

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39
Q

What are the characteristics of type 1 muscle fibre?

A
  • Smaller/thinner with smaller nervous pathways (resulting in slow reactions)
  • Low force
  • High endurance
  • Extremely slow twitch
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40
Q

What is type 1 muscle fibre used for?

A

Any activity for prolonged time without break (long distance running and skiing)

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41
Q

What is fast twitch/fast glycolytic/white muscle fibre?

A

High force muscle fibre that fatigue very quickly.

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42
Q

Why is type 2b called fast glycolytic?

A

They liberate energy through the process of glycolysis, which does not use oxygen.

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43
Q

What energy system are we using with type 2b muscle fibre? Why?

A

Anaerobic because we don’t use oxygen to liberate energy.

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44
Q

What is type 2b muscle fibre used for?

A

High force activities for short periods of time (sprinting, jumping)

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45
Q

Why is type 2b muscle fibre also called white muscle fibre?

A

It does not change colours when stained for viewing under a microscope.

46
Q

Why is type 1 muscle fibre also called red muscle fibre?

A

It turns red when stained for viewing under a microscope.

47
Q

What does FOG stand for?

A

Fast oxidative glycolytic

48
Q

What are the characteristics of type 2a muscle fibre?

A
  • Both fast twitch and slow twitch responses
  • Endurance type fibre
  • Increased amount of force for longer periods
49
Q

What is type 2a muscle fibre used for?

A

Activities that require increased force over a long time period (hockey, basketball, soccer)

50
Q

What do the nervous pathways look like for each type of muscle fibre?

A

1 - small
2b - very large
2a - large but not as large as 2b

51
Q

What are myofibrils?

A

Functional units containing groups of muscle cells/fibres

52
Q

What is the sarcomere?

A

A bunch of myofibrils stacked together with similar end points

53
Q

What are the endpoints of the sarcomere called?

A

Z lines

54
Q

What do the myofibrils look like?

A

The are striated, meaning they are stacked end to end (they look striped)

55
Q

What is sarcoplasm?

A

A liquid medium that the myofibrils are encased in. It contains many chemicals used for muscle contraction.

56
Q

What protein filaments make up myofibrils?

A

Myosin and actin

57
Q

What are actin bands?

A

Fixed structures attached to the Z lines

58
Q

What are myosin strands?

A

Free-floating structures in between actin strands

59
Q

What is the relationship between myosin and actin?

A

Myosin is attracted to the actin and wants to bind onto it, but the actin just doesn’t feel the same way :(

60
Q

Why doesn’t the actin allow the myosin to bind?

A

The actin is covered with a substance called the T-T complex.

61
Q

How does the myosin plan to bind with the actin?

A

The myosin has two heads or cross bridges that each look for a place to bind onto the actin.

62
Q

How does the muscle contract if the T-T complex is covering the actin?

A

Skeletal muscle is voluntary. When our nervous system innervates a muscle, the electrical impulse changes the electro-chemical potential of the sarcoplasm. This changes the T-T complex. The myosin can now bind to the actin.

63
Q

What happens when the myosin binds to the actin?

A

The Z lines are pulled together because they are attached to the actin, which closes the H band gap. This is contraction of the muscle.

64
Q

How is muscle relaxed?

A

The brain sends a signal back to the muscle, which returns the chemical balance back to normal and the T-T complex makes the myosin let go of the actin.

65
Q

What are the muscles of the scapular stabilization?

A

Trapezius, rhomboids, levator scapulae

66
Q

Trapezius

A

O - base of skull, all cervical & thoracic vertebrae
I - superior part of scapula, lateral part of clavicle
A - moves scapula in various directions

67
Q

Rhomboids

A

O - C7, T1-5
I - medial border of scapula
A - adduction of scapula towards midline

68
Q

Levator Scapulae

A

O - cervical vertebrae
I - medial-superior border of spine of scapula
A - shoulder shrugs (elevation of scapula)

69
Q

What are the muscles of the rotator cuff?

A

Supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis

70
Q

Rotator cuff

A

O - scapula
I - head of humerus
A - keeps humerus stable in joint, shoulder rotation

71
Q

What are the muscles of the shoulder joint?

A

Deltoid, pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, biceps brachii, triceps brachii

72
Q

Deltoid

A

O - superior portions of scapula and clavicle
I - lateral portion of humerus (deltoid tuberosity)
A - abduction of humerus, horizontal flexion & extension

73
Q

Pectoralis Major

A

O - anterior surface of clavicle, lateral edge of sternum
I - anterior-lateral portion of humerus
A - horizontal adduction (pushups)

74
Q

Latissimus Dorsi

A

O - posterior part of ilium, lumbar vertebrae, lower thoracic vertebrae
I - medial side of humerus
A - adduction of humerus

75
Q

Biceps Brachii

A

O - scapula
I - radial tuberosity
A - supination of hand
- elbow flexion

76
Q

Triceps Brachii

A

O - upper - superior scapula
- medial - posterior surface of humerus
- lateral - posterior-lateral part of humerus
I - olecranon process of ulna
A - extension of elbow, extension of shoulder

77
Q

What are the muscles of the elbow and radio-ulnar joint?

A

Biceps brachii, triceps brachii, brachialis, brachioradialis

78
Q

Brachialis

A

O - lower anterior portion of humerus
I - anterior portion of head of ulna
A - elbow flexion

79
Q

Brachioradialis

A

O - lateral part of lower humerus
I - lateral part of distal portion of radius
A - elbow flexion, pronation & supination of the hand

80
Q

What are the hip flexors?

A

Sartorius and rectus femoris

81
Q

Sartorius

A

O - anterior portion of ilium
I - anterior-medial condyle of tibia
A - flexion of hip, flexion of knee

82
Q

Rectus Femoris

A

O - anterior portion of ilium
I - patellar tendon, which enters on the anterior portion of the tibia
A - flexion of hip, extension of the knee

83
Q

What are the hip extensors?

A

Gluteus maximus, hamstrings

84
Q

What are the hamstrings?

A

Biceps femoris, semitendinosis, semimembranosis

85
Q

Gluteus Maximus

A

O - posterior-medial portion of ilium, near sacrum
I - posterior part of upper femur
A - hip extension, lateral rotation of hip

86
Q

Biceps Femoris

A

O - inferior portion of ischium, middle of femur

I - lateral condyle of tibia and head of fibula

87
Q

What actions do the hamstrings perform?

A

Hip extension and knee flexion

88
Q

Semitendinosis

A

O - inferior portion of ischium

I - anterior-medial condyle of tibia

89
Q

Semimembranosis

A

O - inferior portion of ischium

I - posterior-medial condyle of tibia

90
Q

What are the knee flexors?

A

The hamstrings

91
Q

What are the knee extensors?

A

The quadriceps

92
Q

What are the quadriceps?

A

Rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, vastus medialis

93
Q

Vastus Lateralis

A

O - lateral part of greater trochanter

94
Q

Vastus Intermedius

A

O - middle part of greater trochanter of femur

95
Q

Vastus Medialis

A

O - medial part of greater trochanter of femur

96
Q

Where do the 3 vastus muscles insert?

A

Patellar tendon and patella, eventually to the tibia

97
Q

What is the action of the 3 vastus muscles?

A

Knee extension

98
Q

What are the foot plantar flexors?

A

Gastrocnemius, soleus

99
Q

Gastrocnemius

A

O - posterior surface of the 2 condyles of the femur
I - achilles tendon, which connects to the calcaneus
A - plantar flexion of foot, flexion of knee

100
Q

Soleus

A

O - upper posterior surface of tibia and fibula
I - achilles tendon to the cal calcaneus
A - plantar flexion of the foot

101
Q

What muscle is responsible for foot dorsiflexion?

A

Tibialis anterior

102
Q

Tibialis Anterior

A

O - anterior surface of tibia
I - superior part of metatarsals
A - dorsiflexion of the foot

103
Q

What is included in the musculature of the torso?

A

Rectus abdominis, erector spinae, abdominal obliques

104
Q

Rectus Abdominis

A

O - crest of pubis
I - cartilage of 5th-7th ribs, xiphoid process
A - flexion of trunk

105
Q

Erector Spinae

A

O - posterior crest of ilium, posterior surface of sacrum, lumbar and thoracic vertebrae
I - joints between ribs and vertebrae, base of cranium
A - extension of trunk

106
Q

Abdominal Obliques

A

O - lower 8 ribs
I - front half of crest of ilium, crest of pubis
A - flexion of trunk

107
Q

Muscles work in perfect synchrony. What does this mean?

A

When one muscle contracts, the other relaxes, allowing bone to move.

108
Q

What is the agonist?

A
  • The prime mover

- The muscle or group of muscles producing a desired effect

109
Q

What is the antagonist?

A

The muscle or group of muscles opposing the action.

110
Q

What happens when entire groups of muscles are involved?

A

The interaction between agonist and antagonist muscles becomes more complex.

111
Q

What are synergists?

A
  • Muscles surrounding the joint being moved and supporting it in the action
  • Compliment the action of the prime mover
112
Q

What are fixators?

A

Steady joints closer to the body axis so that the desired action can occur.

Kinesiology (5 decks)

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