Sports And Recreation Flashcards
What is the primary objective of the PGA Education program?
To provide education for PGA apprentices through the Professional Golf Management (PGM) program
The PGM program consists of seminars, simulation exercises, self-study courses, and testing.
When were written rules for golf first established?
1744
What organization is the governing body of golf in the US?
United States Golf Association (USGA)
What are the four premier annual tournaments sponsored by the PGA of America?
- Ryder Cup Matches
- PGA Championship
- Senior PGA Championship
- PGA Grand Slam of Golf
What is the basic certification program for golf professionals called?
Certified Professional Program (CPP)
What are the common types of golf course obstacles?
- Sand bunkers
- Water hazards
Fill in the blank: A golf course typically has ______ holes.
9 or 18
What is the purpose of a practice facility in golf?
For members to practice hitting a variety of golf shots
What is a common feature of golf shops regarding merchandise ownership?
Pros may own the merchandise or pay the club a percentage of profits from sales
True or False: The number of pros who own shop inventory is increasing.
False
What does a cost-plus program in a golf shop entail?
Members pay a fee to join and then pay the shop’s true cost for merchandise plus a set percentage
What is the role of the bag room in a golf club?
To organize and store members’ golf bags and greet golfers
What must be checked in a golf car storage facility for battery-powered cars?
Air changes and individual circuit breakers for chargers
What are the most common golf programs offered at clubs?
- Activities for club golfers
- Member-guest tournaments
- Junior golf events
- Club championships
What is the average number of rounds supported by a club golf course annually?
Approximately 26,000 rounds
What is the significance of tee sheet management in golf operations?
To study golfer patterns and anticipate trends for budgeting
Fill in the blank: Handicap systems allow members with different abilities to play golf together and compete on an ______ basis.
equal
What is the main purpose of golf tournaments at clubs?
To create camaraderie within the membership and promote participation
What is the definition of outside golf tournaments?
Tournaments not organized primarily for members and invited guests
What are the advantages of electric golf cars?
- Less maintenance
- Less noise
- No fumes or smoke
- Less expensive to buy
What qualifications are typically required for assistant golf professionals?
PGA membership or registration in the PGA Apprentice Program, good golf skills, competitive experience
What are the responsibilities of a head golf professional?
- Promoting and administering the club’s golf program
- Organizing tournaments
- Administering lesson clinics
- Collecting fees and enforcing policies
What percentage of golf clubs own their golf cars?
35%
What is a common compensation method for head golf professionals?
Salary plus percentage of pro shop sales or lesson income
True or False: Most head golf professionals are considered independent contractors.
False
What is the trend regarding caddie services in clubs?
Fewer clubs are offering caddie service
What type of golf car rentals do most clubs offer?
Almost all clubs rent golf cars for member use
What is the average maintenance requirement for golf cars after each use?
Clean and service golf cars
What is the typical lifespan of golf cars before clubs replace them?
Every three to five years
What is the primary focus of junior golf programs?
Developing young golfers
What are the main components of a junior golf program?
- Group lessons
- Tournaments
- Clinics
- Supervision on the golf course
What is the purpose of a caddie master?
To recruit and train a competent caddie workforce
What services does the club provide to its members?
Shop space, utilities, telephone service, and meals at no charge
These services are part of the club’s offerings to enhance member experience.
How does the club’s billing process work?
The club bills members, collects from members, and pays the revenue due to DOG
This process indicates the financial management structure within the club.
What are the qualifications for Assistant Golf Professionals?
PGA membership or registration in the PGA Apprentice Program, good golf skills, competitive golf experience, and teaching and work experience at a golf facility.
What are the responsibilities of golf shop employees?
Sell merchandise, book lessons, track tee-time reservations, sign-up members for tournaments, and track handicaps under supervision of the golf pro.
What tasks do bag room and practice facility staff perform?
Knowledge of golf, maintain bags, clubs, buckets, and practice balls.
What is the role of a starter on a golf course?
Stationed near the 1st and 10th tees to ensure an orderly flow of play based on reserved tee times.
What is the function of a marshal on the golf course?
Monitor the pace of play and ask slow groups to allow faster players to play through.
What does the golf course maintenance department do?
Plants, fertilizes, waters, and cuts the grass to enable a fine playing surface.
Who does the GM/COO communicate with regarding golf course maintenance?
The golf course superintendent.
What are key factors for maintaining water hazards and lakes?
Maintenance of water hazards and watering grass to ensure health.
What are the primary concerns regarding chemicals in golf course management?
Ensuring pesticides and herbicides are stored safely and applied according to label directions.
What types of waste must golf course management decide to recycle or dispose of?
Grass clippings, chippings, spent pesticide/herbicide, batteries, used motor oil, and solvents.
What role does proper golf course management play in relation to wetlands?
Helps protect and sustain existing wetlands, provides water, filters water, and controls erosion.
What equipment is essential for golf course maintenance?
Off-road vehicles, mowers, and tractors.
What are the responsibilities of a golf course superintendent?
Manages all golf areas, equipment, facilities, maintenance staff, budget, and oversees expenditures related to maintenance.
What certification does the GCSAA provide?
Sets standards and certifies golf course superintendents.
What are the core competencies of the GCSAA Continuing Education Program?
Communication, Leadership, Operations management, Personal skills, Resource use.
What are the certification requirements for golf course superintendents?
Attain Class A membership, maintain for three years, earn education points, self-assess competencies, and submit a portfolio.
What are typical responsibilities of an Assistant Golf Course Superintendent?
Assisting in planning and supervising maintenance, directing construction work, supervising equipment repair, and maintaining irrigation systems.
What is the average maintenance cost per hole of golf?
$70,000.
What is the first step in developing a golf course budget?
Develop a standards policy that indicates how the golf course will be maintained.
List some examples of golf course maintenance equipment.
- Mowing equipment
- Tractors and trucks
- Sprayers and spreaders
- Hand tools
- General maintenance equipment.
What distinguishes turfgrass from other grasses?
- Tolerates frequent, close mowing
- Forms a dense surface for play
- Withstands heavy traffic.
What are the two categories of turfgrass?
- Cool season grasses
- Warm season grasses.
What are common types of cool season grasses?
- Kentucky bluegrass
- Creeping bentgrass
- Poa annua
- Tall fescue
- Fine fescue
- Perennial ryegrass.
What are the characteristics of warm season grasses?
Grow vigorously, tolerate drought and wear, establish through sod or sprigging.
What is the mowing height range for Bermuda grass?
1/8” (greens height) to 3” (rough height).
What are the sections of a golf course that require specific cutting and treatment?
- Greens
- Fairways
- Tees
- Rough
- Bunkers.
What factors contribute to the death of grass?
- Foot and vehicle traffic
- Weather stresses
- Improper chemical use.
What methods are used for planting grass on a golf course?
- Seeding
- Sodding
- Sprigging.
What is crucial for delivering water to golf courses?
Irrigation systems.
What are the best practices for water conservation on a golf course?
- Read water meters monthly
- Water at night or early morning
- Check for leaks.
What are common water sources for irrigation on a golf course?
- Treated potable water
- Stored supply (lake, reservoir)
- Nearby stream or river
- Effluent water.
What are the common types of water sources for golf courses?
- Treated, potable water system
- Stored supplies (lake, reservoir, underground tank)
- Nearby stream or river
- Effluent (gray/recycled) water
Effluent water is partially treated wastewater that can be reused for irrigation purposes.
What are the three common types of sprinkler heads?
- Fixed
- Pop-up
- Pulsating
Sprinkler heads are essential components of irrigation systems that spray water when water pressure is sufficient.
What is the role of syringing in turf management?
Helps cool the turf during hot times by applying small amounts of water to avoid heat stress
This practice is crucial for maintaining the health of the turf in high temperatures.
What are the three layers of turfgrass?
- Grass
- Thatch
- Soil
Thatch is a combination of living and dead plant material that can affect turf health.
What is core aeration?
A process that removes cores of turf and soil to create air space and promote deeper roots
Core sizes typically range from ¼ inch to one inch in diameter and two to eight inches long.
What is topdressing in turf management?
A prepared root zone mix (usually sand) added to a turf surface to improve quality
It helps control thatch and enhances putting quality.
What nutrient is most widely used on golf courses for fertilization?
Nitrogen
Nitrogen is crucial for growth, color, and disease resistance in turf.
What factors affect green speed on golf courses?
- Mowing height
- Rolling
- Fertilization
- Irrigation
- Weather
Green speed is measured by the distance a golf ball rolls on a green.
True or False: Trees provide benefits to golf courses.
True
Trees enhance course appearance, provide shade, and create wildlife habitats.
What are some environmental concerns associated with golf courses?
- Use of pesticides
- Impact on water and soil quality
- Irrigation water sources and usage
These concerns are often highlighted by the public regarding golf course management.
What are some environmental benefits of properly maintained turfgrass?
- Produces oxygen
- Cools the atmosphere
- Prevents soil erosion
- Filters contaminants
- Recharges groundwater supplies
- Provides green space in urban settings
Turfgrass plays a significant role in environmental health.
What is effluent water?
Partially treated wastewater that is cleaned of major pollutants but contains trace amounts of salt, minerals, and bacteria
Golf courses can utilize effluent water for irrigation and serve as effective wastewater treatment facilities.
What are the three primary ingredients of a wetland survey?
- Vegetation
- Soils
- Hydrology
These elements help determine the boundaries and characteristics of wetlands on a golf course.
What is Integrated Pest Management (IPM)?
A strategy to manage pests using multiple approaches including cultural practices, pesticides, and biological control
IPM aims to preserve natural resources and protect endangered species.
What does the Audubon Cooperative Sanctuary Program recognize?
Golf courses that meet standards in wildlife habitat management, chemical use reduction, water conservation, and education
Over 2,300 golf courses have been certified since 1991.
What areas are commonly found in fitness centers?
- Cardiovascular area
- Machine weight area
- Free weight area
- Stretching area
- Exercise classroom
- Testing and assessment area
- Sports area
These areas cater to various fitness activities and training.
What is the purpose of an emergency plan in fitness centers?
To outline procedures for treating injuries, notifying management, and calling emergency services
An effective emergency plan is essential for ensuring the safety of members.
What should fitness center staff be trained in?
- Health and fitness operations
- CPR and AED
- First aid
- Exercise physiology
Staff qualifications are crucial for maintaining a safe and effective fitness environment.
What is the typical percentage of fees that fitness instructors receive?
50 to 80 percent
This percentage varies based on the club’s policies regarding personal training and classes.
What should members complete before participating in fitness programs?
A fitness assessment addressing health risks and personal fitness goals
This assessment helps tailor exercise programs to individual needs.
What is typically charged for personal trainers in fitness centers?
Hourly and half-hourly rates
What are common charges in fitness clubs?
- Personal trainers
- Lessons (group or individual)
- Classes
- Sports camps, leagues, or tournaments
- Indoor-court usage during peak hours
Where are spa operations usually located in clubs?
In locker room areas
What has contributed to the explosive growth in spa operations?
Changing scale and style of spa operations in clubs
What are some features of purpose-designed spas?
- Different treatment rooms
- Areas for beauty- and health-oriented treatments
- Food and beverage options
- Classroom
What is a major challenge in designing spa facilities?
Finding a design compromise that provides desired facilities and services without duplicating existing facilities
What types of treatments are commonly offered at spas?
- Massage
- Facials
- Pedicures
What must be known before investing in specialized treatment rooms in spas?
Members’ demand for these services
How can spas generate significant revenue?
- Retail sales of health and beauty products
- Clothing
- Equipment
- Fee-for-service spa services and classes
What types of food and beverage options are typically available in spas?
- Vending machines with healthy alternatives
- Juice and health food bars
- Full-service restaurants
What should massage and treatment rooms be designed to be?
Private, quiet, and restful
What is the minimum size requirement for massage and treatment rooms?
120 square feet
What should the temperature and humidity be in massage rooms?
72°F and relative humidity of 60% or less
What are high-risk areas in spa operations?
Wet areas such as steam rooms and whirlpools
What should signage in wet areas outline?
The risks of using these areas and applicable policies
What is a legal concern regarding spa staff?
Whether they are independent contractors or club employees
What is a common procedure for compensating spa staff as outside contractors?
Paying a portion of the fees charged
What are the compensation options for spa staff as employees?
- Fixed hourly rate or salary
- Straight commission on services
- Combination of both
What are typical facilities in older aquatics operations?
- Main pool
- Smaller baby pool for infants and toddlers
What is typically required for pool safety?
Lifeguards present at all times the pool is open
What equipment might members need for physical conditioning in aquatics facilities?
- Goggles
- Kickboards
- Pull buoys
- Leg floats
- Hand paddles
- Dumbbells
- Fins
What types of swim lessons are popular in aquatics programs?
- Private lessons
- Semi-private lessons
- Group classes
- Clinics
Who pioneered swim instruction in the US?
The American Red Cross and the YMCA
What types of events are considered special aquatics events?
- Diving competitions
- Water volleyball tournaments
- Coin searches
- Team relay races
- Water polo matches
- Underwater hockey
What staff positions are typical in aquatics operations?
- Aquatics director
- Assistant aquatics director
- Swim instructor
- Swim team coach
- Lifeguards
What qualifications should an aquatics director have?
- Pool operator’s certification
- Lifeguard, CPR, AED, standard or advanced first-aid, WSI certifications
- Administrative and supervisory skills
What is the compensation structure for lifeguards?
Paid on an hourly basis
What should aquatics staff have in place for emergencies?
A plan for emergencies
What is the turnover rate for swimming pools?
Every 6 hours
What is the purpose of skimmers in pool drainage?
To remove debris from the water’s surface
What are the four types of pool filters?
- Sand
- Cartridge
- D.E. (Diatomaceous Earth)
- R.M.F. (Regenerative Media Filter)
What is the pH range for pool water?
7.4 – 7.6
What is the calcium hardness range for pool water?
200 – 400 ppm
What is required for private clubs under the ADA guidelines regarding pool access?
Install a handicap ramp or at least one lift if the pool is open to public use
What percentage of country clubs have outdoor tennis courts?
91 percent
What is a ladder competition in tennis?
An ongoing competition where members’ names are posted, and their standings change as they play each other
What is the role of the tennis director in a club?
Administers the overall tennis program and manages the pro shop
What are common tennis staff positions?
- Tennis director
- Assistant tennis professional
- Tennis instructor
- Pro shop employee
- Maintenance staff
What can be part of a tennis director’s compensation package?
- Salary
- Ownership rights to pro shop merchandise
- Income from lessons
- Benefits package
- Bonus for meeting operational goals
What are the primary responsibilities of a tennis director?
Hires, supervises, trains, and evaluates the tennis staff
What components may be included in a tennis director’s compensation package?
- Salary
- Ownership rights to pro shop merchandise or percentage of revenue
- Income from lessons and/or ball machine rentals
- Benefits package (insurance, vacation, retirement)
- Bonus for meeting operational goals
- Reimbursement for professional expenses
- Club usage privileges and staff meals
What qualifications are suggested for a tennis director or tennis professional?
- USPTA certification
- Competitive tennis experience
- Teaching and work experience at a tennis facility
Under what conditions are tennis professionals likely to be considered club employees?
- Signed an employment agreement
- Club specifies hours of operation
- Club provides pro shop space, utilities, and meals
- Club bills members for services and pays revenue to the professional
What products and services are typically offered in tennis pro shops?
- Racquets
- Balls
- Apparel
- Shoes
- Racquet stringing and re-gripping
What is a cost-plus program in tennis pro shops?
Members pay a fee to join and can purchase merchandise for cost plus a set percentage (usually ten percent)
Who may own the merchandise in a tennis pro shop?
Merchandise may be owned by the tennis director or by the club
How are the grounds around tennis courts typically maintained?
Maintained by the club’s grounds crew or gardeners
What is the maintenance requirement for hard-surface tennis courts?
Small cracks must be filled in and courts resurfaced annually
Why do most tennis players prefer soft-surface courts?
- Easier on the lower body
- Feet slide or give on soft surfaces
- Balls travel slower, allowing players to return more shots
What are the two largest U.S. tennis associations?
- United States Professional Tennis Association (USPTA)
- United States Tennis Association (USTA)
What levels of certification does the USPTA offer?
- Professional 1 (highest)
- Professional 2
- Professional 3
What is the role of the USTA in U.S. tennis?
Governing body that develops and modifies rules for U.S. tennis play and tournaments
What is the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP)?
Association for the nation’s top male professional tennis players
What is the Women’s Tennis Association (WTA)?
Association for female professional players
Who is Dr. Edward A. Merritt?
Professor of Management at California State University (Cal Poly Pomona)
