Sport Psychology

Question 1

What is an attitude ?

Answer 1

An enduring evaluation, positive or negative of people, objects and ideas.

Question 2

What are 3 characteristics of an attitude ?

Answer 2

Learned
Unstable
Can be changed/controlled

Question 3

What are attitudes influenced by ?

Answer 3

Coaches
Parents
Peers
Media
Past experiences
Prejudice

Question 4

What causes a negative attitude ?

Answer 4

Negative role models
Low status of activity
Previous criticism
Fear of failure
Previous poor performance
Personal constraints

Question 5

Where do attitudes come from ?

Answer 5

Learning
Familiarity
Classic conditioning
Operant conditioning
Socialisation
Peers

Question 6

What is classic conditioning ?

Answer 6

Association of activity with response forms an attitude

Question 7

What is operant conditioning ?

Answer 7

Positive rewards and reinforcement influence a positive attitude

Question 8

What is cognitive dissonance theory ?

Answer 8

Attempt to restore harmony caused by 2 opposing ideas, reduced by changing 1 area of Triadic model

Question 9

What 3 areas make up the triadic model of attitudes ?

Answer 9

Cognitive
Affective
Behavioural

Question 10

What are the 4 events of the persuasive communication theory ?

Answer 10

Persuader
Message
Recipient
Situation

Question 11

How are attitudes measured ?

Answer 11

Observation
Likert questionnaires
Osgoods semantic differential scale
Thurstone scales

Question 12

What is aggression ?

Answer 12

Any behaviour that is intended to harm another individual by physical or verbal means

Question 13

What is hostile aggression ?

Answer 13

Intention to harm outside the rules, often as an emotional response

Question 14

What is channelled aggression ?

Answer 14

Aggression that intends to harm as a means to another goal.

Question 15

What is assertive behaviour ?

Answer 15

The use of physical force that is within the rules and is legitimate.

Question 16

What is instinct theory ?

Answer 16

Aggression is innate and you are born with aggressive traits.

Question 17

What does social learning theory suggest in terms or aggression ?

Answer 17

It is nurtured through environmental factors, it is not biological based.

Question 18

What does frustration aggression hypothesis ?

Answer 18

Frustration develops when goal directed behaviour is blocked

Question 19

What is the cathartic effect ?

Answer 19

Release of built up aggression through harmless channels

Question 20

What is deindividualisation ?

Answer 20

A loss of personal responsibility when in a group environment

Question 21

What does cue arousal theory suggest ?

Answer 21

Frustration leads to an increase in arousal and possible aggression

Question 22

What is social facilitation?

Answer 22

The positive affect of the presence of others on performance

Question 23

What is social inhibition ?

Answer 23

The negative affect of the presence of others on performance

Question 24

What is self presentation theory ?

Answer 24

The process by which individual represent themselves to the social world

Question 25

What is the proximity affect ?

Answer 25

Idea that the location of the audience in relation to the performer is an important factor in social facilitation

Question 26

What is home field advantage ?

Answer 26

Large supportive home crowds provide advantage to the home team

Question 27

What are the 6 I’s in group dynamics ?

Answer 27

Interaction Interdependence Identity Identical Independence Interpersonal relationships

Question 28

How to groups become teams ?

Answer 28

Forming Storming Norming Performing

Question 29

What is Steiner model ?

Answer 29

Actual productivity= Potential productivity- Losses due to faulty processes

Question 30

What is the Ringlemann affect ?

Answer 30

When group size increases individual productivity decreases

Question 31

What is social loafing ?

Answer 31

When a group member does not give 100% in a group situation due to loss of motivation

Question 32

What is group cohesion ?

Answer 32

The extent to which a group sticks together in pursuit of a common goal

Question 33

What is task cohesion ?

Answer 33

The way team members work together to successfully complete a task

Question 34

What is social cohesion ?

Answer 34

Personal relationship within a group

Question 35

What 4 factors affect cohesion ?

Answer 35

Environmental Personal Leaderships Team

Question 36

What are the 2 ways a leader is selected ?

Answer 36

Prescribed and emergent

Question 37

What is a prescribed leader ?

Answer 37

Appointed by an outside source or authority

Question 38

What is an emergent leader ?

Answer 38

Assumes control from within a group by gaining respect and support

Question 39

What are the 3 leadership styles ?

Answer 39

Autocratic Democratic Laissez faire

Question 40

What is an autocratic leadership style ?

Answer 40

Leader makes decisions Complete tasks quickly and effectively Does not share responsibility

Question 41

What is a democratic leadership style ?

Answer 41

Personal orientated Decisions and responsibilities shared with the group Builds interpersonal relationships

Question 42

What is a Laissez Faire leadership style ?

Answer 42

Group makes all decisions Leader acts as consultant Poor group cohesion

Question 43

What does Fiedlers contingency model suggest ?

Answer 43

Correct style of leadership is dependent on how favourable the situation is

Question 44

What is Chelladurai’s Multi Dimensional Model of leadership ?

Answer 44

In order to achieve group performance and satisfaction the actual behaviour of the leader must match the required behaviour of the situation and the preferred behaviour of the members.

Question 45

What is Weiners Attribution theory ?

Answer 45

The reasons a coach or player gives for their successes or failure in sport

Question 46

What are the 4 areas of Weiners Attribution theory model ?

Answer 46

Ability Task difficulty Luck Effort

Question 47

What is self serving bias ?

Answer 47

The use of attribution to protect self esteem and confidence

Question 48

What is learned helplessness ?

Answer 48

A state of mind where the performer believes failure is inevitable No control over the situation General and specific

Question 49

What is attribution retraining ?

Answer 49

Changing attributions from negative to positive and increasing levels of motivation