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PE Year 13 > Biomehanics > Flashcards

Biomehanics Flashcards

1
Q

What is biomechanics ?

A

The science of explaining how and why the human body moves in a way that it does

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2
Q

What is Newtons 1st Law of motion ?

A

Low of inertia where the body will continue in its state of rest or motion in a straight line until acted upon by an external force

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3
Q

What is Newtons 2nd Law of Motion ?

A

Law of acceleration- Force = Mass x Acceleration

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4
Q

What is Newtons 3rd law of motion ?

A

Law of action and reaction- For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

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5
Q

What is stability ?

A

The body’s resistance to movement

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6
Q

What affects stability ?

A

Mass of object
Size of base of support
Number of points in contact with surface
Height of centre of mass
Line of gravity

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7
Q

What is the centre of mass Line?

A

The point at which the body is balanced in all directions.
Lower= more stable

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8
Q

What is the base of support ?

A

The area within an outline of all ground contact points.
More points= more stable

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9
Q

What are the 3 stages of equilibrium ?

A

Stable
Unstable
Neutral

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10
Q

What is the line of gravity ?

A

Vertical line that passes through the centre of gravity to the ground
If through the persons base of support= stable

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11
Q

What is momentum ?

A

Quantity of a motion that keeps an object moving
Increases as mass increases

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12
Q

What is the equation for momentum ?

A

Momentum = Mass x Velocity

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13
Q

What is impulse ?

A

Measure of the force applied for a specific time
Measured in newton seconds Ns

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14
Q

What is the equation for impulse ?

A

Impulse = Force x Time

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15
Q

What is distance ?

A

The path taken in moving from the first position to the second in metres

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16
Q

What is displacement ?

A

Shortest distance between 2 positions in a stated direction in metres

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17
Q

What is acceleration ?

A

The rate at which a body changes its velocity

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18
Q

What’s the equation for speed ?

A

Distance % Time

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19
Q

What is angular velocity ?

A

Speed of rotation

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20
Q

What is the equation for acceleration ?

A

Change in velocity % Time

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21
Q

What is linear motion ?

A

Motion natural to an object moving in a straight line unless acted upon by a force

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22
Q

What is the equation for angular momentum ?

A

Angular velocity X moment of inertia

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23
Q

How do you increase angular velocity ?

A

Decrease moment of inertia by tucking body together

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24
Q

How do you decrease angular velocity ?

A

Increase moment of inertia by distributing body ass further from the horizontal axis

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25
What is moment of inertia ?
Reluctance to rotate Increases with mass
26
What is the radius of gyration ?
Distance of weight from axis resulting in greater moment of inertia
27
What is angular displacement ?
The rate of change of angular displacement is angular velocity
28
What is angular velocity ?
A measure of how quickly an object moves though an angle
29
How to work out angular displacement ?
Distance travelled % Radius of circle
30
How to work out angular velocity ?
Angular displacement % Time
31
How to work out angular acceleration ?
Change in angular velocity % Change in time
32
What is a projectile ?
Any body which is thrown or jumped into the air and follows a flight path called a parabola from taking off to landing
33
What influences flight path ?
Air resistance and weight of the object
34
What is a parabolic flight path ?
Symmetrical flight path where weight is the dominant force
35
What is a non parabolic flight path ?
Asymmetrical where air resistance s the dominant force
36
What are the 3 main factors affecting horizontal distance of a projectile ?
Angle, height and velocity of projection
37
38
What is Bernoulli’s principle ?
If projectile can gain some lift during flight it will stay in the air longer achieving a greater horizontal distance
39
What air pressure is with fast air flow ?
Low
40
What air pressure is with slow air flow ?
High
41
From what regions of pressure to objects more to and from
High to low pressure causing lift
42
What does an aero foil shape create ?
Pressure differential as air is pushed over the top and below at different speeds due to difference in distance
43
What is the Magnus effect ?
Bernoulli’s principe for spinning objects
44
How is the Magnus effect created ?
Because of pressure differential above and below the ball due to a boundary layer
45
What happens when the ball picks up particles when spinning ?
Boundary layer created that moves in opposite direction to air resulting in a differentiation of air pressure above and below the object
46
How does smooth air move under low pressure ?
Quickly
47
What is fluid mechanics ?
The science of how objects move through fluids
48
What is friction ?
The resistance to motion of 2 moving objects or surfaces that will touch, always opposes the applied force
49
What is air resistance/ drag ?
A friction force applied by the air on bodies moving through it
50
What does the amount of air resistance on a body depend on ?
Cross sectional area Shape and surface properties of the body Speed of an object
51
What is meant by the cross sectional area ?
The larger the area the more air the body has to displace so the greater the air resistance forces
52
What affect does the body shape have on air resistance ?
Pointy shape cuts through air easier than flat shape
53
What is laminar flow ?
The smooth flow of water and air smoothly sliding past each other in layers
54
What is turbulent flow ?
When air and after move in an erratic way
55
What is the boundary layer ?
Region surrounding an object where the air speed increases from 0 to maximum mph
56
When does laminar flow occur ?
When fluid can flow efficiently, gently and smoothly increasing in speed across the boundary layer
57
When does turbulent flow occur ?
When fluid gets jumbled and mixed up chaotically instead of past itself in smooth layers
58
How does air flow affect how aerodynamic an object is ?
Faster the air flow the less aerodynamic as more air breaks away and becomes turbulent
59
What is a slipstream ?
A region behind a moving object where the air/water is moving at similar velocities to the moving object
60
What does travelling in the slipstream of somebody mean ?
Performer will require less power to maintain their speed than if moving independently

PE Year 13 (6 decks)

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