Excercise Physiology Flashcards
What is pulmonary circulation ?
Cardiovascular response that pumps blood between the heart and lungs
What is systemic circulation ?
Cardiovascular response that pumps blood from the heart to the rest of the body
What are the immediate cardiovascular responses to exercise ?
Increased : Heart rate
Blood pressure
Stroke volume
Cardiac output
Vascular shunt to working muscles
What is cardiac output ?
The volume of blood pumped out of the heart per minute
What is stroke volume ?
The amount of blood ejected out of the left ventricle per heart beat
What is heart rate ?
Beats per minute
What is ejection fraction ?
% of blood ejected out of the left ventricle per heart beat
What is the frank starling mechanism ?
Stroke volume increases in response to an increase in volume of blood filling the heart
What is diastole ?
When the heart relaxes, chambers open, atria fills with blood and pressure increases
What is systole ?
When the heart contracts and blood is ejected
What is atrial systole ?
When both atria contract and blood is forced into ventricles
What is ventricular systole ?
When the ventricles contract sending blood to the lungs and around the body
What is the vascular shunt mechanism ?
When blood flow is restricted and redirected via vasodilation and vasoconstriction to areas of the body that require more blood.
What is vasodilation ?
When the lumen widens, blood flow and oxygen delivery to working muscles increases, blood vessels near skin open to allow heat to escape and regulate body temperature.
What is vasoconstriction?
When the lumen narrows, blood flow and oxygen delivery decreases, blood vessels near skin close to keep heat in and blood is redirected to other body parts
What do chemoreceptors detect ?
An increase in carbon dioxide
What do baroreceptors detect ?
Increase in blood pressure
What do proprioceptors detect ?
Increase in muscle movement
What do thermoreceptors detect ?
Increase in body temperature
What does hormone control do ?
Releases adrenaline into the blood stream from kidneys
What is tidal volume ?
Volume of air inhaled and exhaled with every breath
What is breathing frequency ?
Number of breaths per minute
What is minute ventilation ?
Volume of air breathed in or out each minute
What are the mechanics of breathing controlled by ?
Respiratory control centre with the Medulla Oblongata
What is diffusion in gaseous exchange ?
Movement of gases from high to low pressure
What are the muscular skeletal adaptations to aerobic exercise ?
Muscle hypertrophy, increased number of capillaries around muscles, more mitochondria in muscle cells, increased amount of myoglobin, increased slow twitch muscle fibre efficiency
What are the adaptations of bones and joints for aerobic exercise ?
Increased bone strength, increased flexibility and strength of tendons and ligaments, increased synovial fluid in joints
What are the cardio-respiratory adaptations in relation to long term excercise ?
Increased capillarisation of lungs, stronger diaphragm and intercostal muscles, increased tidal volume and minute frequency.
What are the cardiovascular adaptations in relation to aerobic exercise ?
Cardiac hypertrophy, larger ventricle capacity, reduced resting heart rate, increased cardiac output, more efficient vasoconstriction/vasodilation, increased number of red blood cells
How do aerobic adaptations affect sporting performance?
More oxygen to working muscles, greater VO2 max, raised anaerobic threshold, faster recovery and faster re saturation of myoglobin stores
What are the long term adaptations to the ATP-PC system ?
Muscle hypertrophy, increased CP stores in muscles, development of type 2b fibres, greater utilisation of type 2a fibres, stronger bones/muscles/tendons, improved neural response system
What are the long term adaptations to the anaerobic system ?
Greater lactic acid tolerance and increased muscle glycogen stores
