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Psych In Context > Sport psych > Flashcards

Sport psych Flashcards

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1
Q

What 3 things might a sport psychologist do?

A
  1. Counselling referees to deal with the stressful and demanding aspects of their role
  2. Advise coaches on how to build cohesion within their squad
  3. Helping athletes with personal development and the psychological consequences of sustaining an injury
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2
Q

Define sports psych

A

The scientific study of people and their bhvrs in the context of sport and exercise
(Gill 2000)

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3
Q

Define exercise psych

A

Seeks to understand the psychological benefits of exercise/physical activity and the importance of this for the individual and; how to promote lifelong participation

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4
Q

Where do:

  • Sport psychologists
  • Exercise psychologists

Tend to work?

A
  1. Sport psychologists tend to work with individuals/ teams wishing to enhance psychological aspects that influence performance. Also to work on leadership and group dynamics
  2. Exercise psychologists tend to work with individuals/teams who have a health focus.
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5
Q

What are the 2 things exercise psych covers?

A
  1. Formal activity

2. Informal activity

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6
Q

Where do exercise psychologists typically work?

A

Academies, research, consultancy and teaching

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7
Q

Define trait theory

A

A theory that suggests personality is made up of a range of different secondary trait inherited from parental genes. Reinforcing the idea that people may have a natural inclination towards ambition, competition or aggression.

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8
Q

What are the 2 important trait theories?

With the researchers names

A
  1. Personality types (Eysenck +; Cattell)

2. Narrow band theory, Type A+ Type B (Girdano)

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9
Q

According to Eysenck’s personality theory, define the 4 traits of: extroversion, introversion, neuroticism and stable

A

Extrovert =

  • Affiliate well with others
  • Outgoing, gregarious, sociable
  • Become aroused more slowly than introverts
  • Low sensitivity of the RAS

Introvert =

  • Shy
  • Become aroused more quickly than extroverts
  • High sensitivity of the RAS

Neurotic =

  • Display extreme, unpredictable emotions in the form of mood swings
  • High degrees of stress, with slow recovery from it

Stable =

  • Display predictable emotions in appropriate situations
  • Do not experience intense stress
  • Rapid recovery from stress
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10
Q

What does RAS stand for

A

Reticular Activating system

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11
Q

What is the difference in arousal of the RAS between introverts and extroverts according to Eysenck

A

Introverts are more easily aroused due to the sensitivity of the RAS. Therefore there is a greater likelihood that with increased stimulation, the introvert will become over-aroused.

Extroverts perform best in conditions that stimulate high arousal but are not as likely to be over-aroused in conditions that stimulate high arousal

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12
Q

What is the 3rd scale from Eysenck’s theory introduced in 1975

A

Psychotism

= measures how tender or tough minded an individual is

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13
Q

According to Middleton 2004, what does a high P score indicate?

A

A high P score is related to the capacity to cope with competitive pressure and readiness to return to competition after failure

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14
Q

McKellvie 2003

A

Found no difference between athletes and non athletes on extraversion but athletes are more stable and lower in neuroticism

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15
Q

Diehm +Armatas 2004

A

High risk sports have high extraversion and low neuroticism

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16
Q

What is Girdano’s Narrow Band Theory about?

A
  • proposed there are 2 distinct personality types = Type A ; Type B

Type A: highly competitive, strong desire to succeed, likes control, prone to suffer stress

Type B: non-competitive, slow worker, lacks the desire to succeed

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17
Q

What is Bandura’s 2 process model of learning?

A

1) The bhvr of others being imitated through observation

2) New bhvr being acquired after observation, but only when endorsed through social reinforcement

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18
Q

Give examples of distorted thoughts in athletes

A
  • holding perfectionist beliefs
  • catastrophising the future
  • believing self worth depends on achievement
  • personalisation: everything centred around u
  • fallacy of fairness or unfairness
  • blaming/ polarised thinking
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19
Q

Define humanist philosophy

A

How an individual ascribes personal meaning to situations

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20
Q

What is an interactionist view?

A

Bhvr is influenced by inherited traits and dispositions as well as learned experience

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21
Q

What are the 3 personality traits presented by Hollander 1967 that interact to form personality?

[PTR]

A
  1. Psychological core (true self)
  2. Typical response (Changeable and learned)
  3. Role-related bhvr
22
Q

How can personality profiling be used in sport psychology

A
  • used to predict those who will excel in a particular sport
  • developing interventions to facilitate a healthy lifestyle
23
Q

Define attitudes

A

A learned behavioural predisposition and an emotional response that be enduring, however they are unstable and can be changed

24
Q

How do attitudes differ from prejudice ?

A

Prejudice is a pre/judgement arising from an evaluation based on unfounded beliefs or opinions

25
Q

What are the negative effects of prejudice?

A
  • can affect participation and performance i.e reduce the chances of a person participating
  • can encourage negative feelings about participation and performance
26
Q

What is an example of positive prejudice ?

A

E.g favouritism

27
Q

What are the components of the Tragic Model of Attitude ?

[CAB]

A
  1. Cognitive component [beliefs and knowledge]
  2. Affective component [feelings and emotional responses]
  3. Behavioural component [how a person intends to behave or respond]
28
Q

Define Festinger’s idea of cognitive dissonance

A

Psychological uncomfortableness when holding contradictory cognitions

29
Q

What are the 4 components of the Persuasive Communication Theory?

A
  1. Persuader : needs to be of a high status
  2. Message : needs to be presented in a positive way
  3. Recipients : easier if recipient wants to change
  4. Situation: easier if there are other persuaders present
30
Q

Define achievement motivation

A

Links personality with the degree of competitiveness shown by an individual

31
Q

What are the 2 personality traits that determine achievement motivation?

[NACH = Need to achieve]

A
  1. High N.A.CH.

2. Low N.A.CH.

32
Q

Define NACH & NAF

A

NACH- Need to Achieve
= people who thrive in a challenge usually determined. Quick workers who take risks and enjoy being assessed

NAF- Need to Avoid Failure
= people who tend to avoid challenge bc they don’t want to risk failing. They are slow workers who avoid responsibility

33
Q

NACH

  • shows ‘approach bhvr’
  • seeks out challenges
  • concerned with standards
  • enjoys being evaluated
A

NAF

  • shows ‘avoidance bhvr’
  • prefers v easy or v hard tasks = guaranteed success or failure
  • performs worse while being evaluated
34
Q

Define Ego and Task oriented

A

Ego oriented: measure their success on beating others and being the ‘top’ competitor

Task oriented: measures their success by their own achievements

35
Q

Define mastery orientation

A

The strong motivation to achieve found in the high achiever. This type will expect to succeed but will persist when failure is experienced

36
Q

Define learned helplessness and the context of performance

A

The belief that failure is inevitable and that the individual has no control over the factors that cause failure

Where there is 50/50 chance of success=
- people with high achievement traits are likely to show mastery orientation and have high incentives

  • people with low achievement motivation would experience greatest anxiety and adopt avoidance bhvr and learned helplessness
37
Q

Define Attribution Theory

A

Looks at the reasons given by coaches and athletes/ players to account for successes and failure

38
Q

Weiner’s model of …

A

Attribution

  • Locus of Causality
  • Stability
39
Q

How can an athlete’s confidence be sustained

A
  • attribute failure to external causes

- internal attributes should be used to reinforce success

40
Q

Define social facilitation and inhibition

A

The presence of others influences the performance of the individual. Causes an increase in arousal

Enhance performance = social FACILITATION

Negative effect on performance = social INHIBITION

41
Q

What are the 2 theories concerning audience effects?

A
  1. Drive Theory of Social Facilitation (Zajonc 1965)

• The mere presence of others is enough to raise arousal level

  1. Evaluation Apprehension Theory (Gottrell 1968)
42
Q

What are the 2 types of audiences as explained in Zanjoc’s Drive Theory of Social Facilitation

A
  1. Passive

2. Interactive

43
Q

Why is high arousal beneficial at expert stage?

A

The performers dominant response would tend towards the correct response

44
Q

What was Cottrell’s 1968 evaluation of Zanjoc’s apprehension?

A

The perceived evaluation of the audience

45
Q

Define the 2 categories of aggression

A

Hostile aggression: prime motive is to harm an opponent and the chief aim is to inflict injury

Assertion: assertive bhvr doesn’t attempt to harm and is strictly within the rules and spirit of the game

46
Q

What is the outcome of hostile aggression?

A

Disrupts team performance, spoils group cohesion

47
Q

What might a sport psychologist recommend in order to counter-product aggression ?

A
  • imagery focusing on a calm state
  • positive self talk
  • distancing oneself from aggressive cues
48
Q

What do interventions do

A

Help develop and maintain optimal attention

•simulations can also address internal distractions

49
Q

What is Poczwardowski + Conroy 2002’s definition of stress management interventions and what is involved in SMI

A

Excellence in coping precedes exceeds in performance

  • managing physiological arousal
  • managing cognitive anxiety
50
Q

What do interventions on building self confidence do to an athlete?

A
  • help athletes focus on what they have already achieved
  • develop confident self talk
  • cognitive restructuring
51
Q

What do interventions to develop mental rehearsal and imagery entail?

A

Compose and develop scripts to allow the athlete to rehearse:

  • technical skills
  • tactics
  • attention control
  • stress management

Psych In Context (9 decks)

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