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Educational Psych Flashcards

1
Q

Who are the founding fathers of educational psych?

[3]

A

William James
Dewey
Thorndike

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2
Q

What was the ‘Academic discipline’ of educational psych?

A

The initial emphasis was on ‘mental testing’ theories of learning, social morals and cognitive development

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3
Q

Define the main theories of the following psychologists:

  • Skinner
  • Thorndike
  • Bandura
  • Piaget
  • Binet
A
  • Skinner : Radical bhvrism
  • Thorndike : Active Learning
  • Bandura : SLT
  • Piaget : Cog dev
  • Binet : Intelligence testing
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4
Q

What is a practitioner

A

Used for teacher training equipping teachers to deal with classroom based problems

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5
Q

What kind of approach is now being adopted in relation to children who experience difficulties?

A

Interactionist

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6
Q

Define educational psychology by Reynolds + Miller 2003

A

The study of learners, learning and teaching and the context in which learning takes place

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7
Q

What is the DfES

A

Definition of Special Educational needs 2001

• children who have learning difficulties and require special educational needs and provision

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8
Q

What is dyslexia

A

A learning difficulty that primarily affects the skills involved in accurate and fluent word reading and spelling

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9
Q

What are the characteristics of dyslexia

A
  • difficulties in phonological awareness
  • verbal memory
  • verbal processing sound
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10
Q

What is developmental dyslexia

A

Not as a result of acquired brain trauma, disease or impaired visual or auditory sensory

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11
Q

What are the indicators of dyslexia

[8]

A
  • appears bright but cannot translate on paper
  • below expectation of reading achievement
  • memory difficulties
  • poor planning/organisational skills
  • apparent lack of concentration
  • tire easily
  • varying day to day performance
  • history of dyslexia in family
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12
Q

What are the 3 explanations for dyexia

A
  • Research has revealed dyslexia is neurologically based
  • Biological- reduced activity in the left temporal parietal cortex
  • deficit in phonology mapping print to sound
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13
Q

What are the common strengths and weaknesses in dyslexia?

A

Strengths:

  • Good visuospatial skills
  • Creative thinking
  • Intuitive understanding
  • Problem solving

Weaknesses:

  • Speed of processing
  • Sequencing skills
  • Auditory and visual perception of words
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14
Q

What are the 4 interventions for dyslexia?

A
  • Auditory books/ recorded teaching
  • Use of ‘word family’ approach to draw attention to word patterns
  • Use of computers to help improve the quality of written work
  • Cloze tests
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15
Q

What format did Ray, Fowler + Stein 2005 propose is best for making a document easier to read?

A

Yellow background, black test with non-serif font

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16
Q

What are the 2 broad types of psychosocial difficulties?

A
  1. Internalising disorders
    • withdrawn
    • isolated
    • low mood
  2. Externalising disorders
    • disruptive/ disturbing bhvr
    • hyperactivity and lacking concentration
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17
Q

Banerjee, Tolmie + Boyle 2011

A

150000 UK pupils have been identified as having emotional, bhvral and social difficulties

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18
Q

What is the diagnostic criteria for depression?

A

Diagnostic Manual for Psychological Disorders

• having 5 or more symptoms and are present during the same 2 week period and represent a change from previous functioning

At least one of these symptoms are:

  • depressed mood
  • loss of interest/ pleasure
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19
Q

What are the symptoms of depression?

[9]

A

[Nearly everyday]

  • Depressed mood most of the day nearly everyday (subjective report or observation)

Markedly diminished pleasure or interest in all activities most of the day

  • significant weight loss or decrease or increase of appetite
  • insomnia or hypersomnia
  • psychomotor agitation or retardation
  • fatigue or loss of energy
  • feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt
  • diminished ability to think or concentrate or indecisiveness
  • recurrent thoughts of death, suicidal ideation w/o specific plan or an attempt a specific plan
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20
Q

What are the risk factors for depression

[4]

A
  • temperament factors
  • environmental triggers
  • bio behavioural mechanisms
  • cognitive mechanisms, cog vulnerability
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21
Q

What % do 1st degree relatives have on the risk of depression?

A

40%

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22
Q

Abela + Hankin’s 2008 Diathesis stress model of depression

A

A predispositional vulnerability together with stress from life experiences

Depression is produced by the interaction between individuals cognitive vulnerability and environmental triggers

23
Q

How do vulnerable individuals deal with negative events

A

Negative events trigger a negatively biased, self referent information processing which initiates a downward spiral

24
Q

How do non-vulnerable individual deal with negative events

A

React with appropriate level of distress to negative event but recover within a reasonably expected period

25
Abramson et al 1989 - hopelessness theory
Beck’s cognitive theory 1983 Abramson et al’s hopelessness theory 1989
26
What are the emotional & bhvral consequences of mood disorders in children can:
- interfere with school work - affect life chances - impinge on peer group & family relationships - place individual at risk for suicide - make them more vulnerable to psychological and physical health problems in adult life
27
What are the developmental considerations in knowing when vulnerability to depression takes place in order to:
- implement strategies to reduce the risks - develop age appropriate interventions - identify age specific issues that may reduce risk
28
What are the potential risk factors when children get bullied
- difficulties with social skills/ social competence and self esteem - lack of social support systems - children with special educational needs - psychological disorders
29
Study on bullying + depression- Swelting Yung, West + Der 2006
Aim : examine the directional relationship between peer victimisation and depression Sample: 2,567 adolescents in Scotland Procedure: completed a questionnaire on victimisation and depression at 11,13 and 15 years Results : at the age of 11= 15% pupils experience victimisation At the age of 15= 10% pupils experience victimisation Conclusion: considerable stability in victimisation across time
30
At what age is there: * a reciprocal relationship between victimisation + depression * depression is a strong predictor of victimisation, particularly in boys
13+ 15
31
What did Swetie Yung West + Der report about girls in 2006
Girls report higher levels of depression than boys
32
What is the role of educational psychologists?
- take depression into consideration when assessing bhvr/ emotional problems - develop interventions to support children with emotional and bhvral difficulties - support the implementation of anti-bullying interventions - supporting schools in designing appropriate anti-bullying policies - providing training + awareness and raising programmes on bullying to staff, pupils and parents (Sharp 1996)
33
Stark 2008 / Action Programme
Developmentally sensitive treatment - based on a 5 year psychological research study examining depression in pre-teen and early teen girls - designed an intervention to help teens manage/ overcome depression using principles of CBT - challenges and teaches pupils to change negative unrealistic thought patterns to more realistic and positive ones • coping skills, problem solving, altering conditions like negative thought patterns, self criticism and unrealistic self expectations
34
What are som examples of anti bullying interventions?
- counselling - circles of friends - buddy schemes - circle time
35
Sharp et al 1994 - Assertiveness training for bullied pupils Taught what?
- body language and eye contact - assertive statements - resisting manipulation + threats - responding to name calling - enlisting support
36
What is the involvement of parents/carers?
- assisting their children to develop social competence - parental altertness to the possibility of bullying - awareness of schools anti-bullying policy - training workshops
37
What are the conclusions for educational psych// what must be taken into account? BPSED
``` Biological Psychological Social Environmental Developmental ``` Aspects of education
38
What 4 things do educational psychologists have an important role in?
- assessing students with difficulties - advising educational institutions on appropriate intervention strategies - implementing age appropriate interventions - supporting pupils with achieving their potential despite their difficulties
39
Define educational psych
Professional practice focusing on helping children with difficulties in school Research examining processes of learning teaching and learning environments
40
According to Ormrod 2012, what is the importance of learning
- Allows a greater degree of flexibility and adaptability - Little human behaviour is instinctive majority of human behaviour is learnt - You must benefit from an experience and experience of predecessors - We have the capacity to be versatile and adapt to many different situations and environments
41
Is the biological approach to learning
Learning is an adaptation of the brain to variety of different situations= the result of a biological process as Learning involves a neuronal and structural change in the brain • Individuals have a predetermined level of IQ to learn based on genetic and biological make up
42
What are the types of implications on biological processes on learning
E.g. breakfast clubs interventions to reduce stress temperature learning and medications for problem behaviours
43
What is the behaviourist approach to learning
Learning is observable as we can directly measure behavioural cues and observable outcomes
44
Outline one trial learning as identified by Skinner
Learning takes place in a single parent of a stimulus and response that is not strengthened by repeated exposure
45
Applications of bhvrist approach to learning
+ applications / Tolmic 2011 “The environment is full of unplanned reinforcement useful to design learning environment to incorporate reinforcement deliberately and precisely + OC for bhvrs = rewards and punishments in the classroom CC= Pairing of stimuli to elicit a desirable response + One trial learning = Hard-hitting campaigns to discourage Undesirable behaviour
46
What is the cognitive approach to learning
Learning incorporate Internet psychological processes e.g. reasoning problem-solving which representation that can be assessed and observed through experimentation
47
What are the implications from the cognitive approach to learning
- Encouragement of self regulatory metacognitive prices in learning - Attentional research suggest it is necessary to direct and focused attention on salient information - (mnemonic techniques)Importance of encoding storage and retrieval lead to techniques for remembering and rehearsal
48
What is the SLT/cognitive approach to learning
Bandura 1969-Learning through imitation and modelling behaviour - The integration of cognitive functions and social interactions influence learning i.e. learning involves a change in psychological processes when modelling - Learners form expectations for future responses
49
What are the applications from the SLT/cognitive approach to learning
- Promotes learning context of a student and the social interactions play an active role in learning - Use of group problem-solving task to facilitate deeper understanding - Problem based learning - Focus on peer learning
50
What is the developmental perspective on learning
The way psychological processes developed of the lifespan
51
Define the constructivist approach
How children construct their knowledge and understanding into schemas based on experiences
52
What are the applications from Piaget and Vygotksy’s theories?
Piaget= His theory move the classroom instruction to a more discovery-based instruction e.g. eight appropriate interactive game learning tasks Vygotsky= Hey theory empowerment of children through scaffolding
53
What are the processes involved in normal reading?
Word identification, letter recognition, phonological awareness + decoding

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