Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psych In Context > Health psych > Flashcards

Health psych Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

what is heath psych

A

Focuses on the role of psychological factors when looking at the cause, progression and consequences of health and illness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the 2 main aims of health psych

A
  1. Understand, explain, develop and test theory

2. Put theory into practise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Where do health psychologists usually work?

A

Hospitals, community health settings, health research units, public health department, uni departments, consultants and GPs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is Antonvsky’s 1979 definition of the illness/wellness continuum ?

A

Health and illness are not separate concepts

“We are all terminal cases and we all are there some bread that might be nice and some measure healthy”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the WHO’s definition of the word health?

A

A complete state of physical mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the evaluations of the Biomedical Model?

A

+ responsible for the advancements in medicine today

  • Does not consider the role of the person in illness
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Who created the Biopsychsocial Model?

A

Engel 1977

  • Social systems
  • Psychological systems
  • Biological systems
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Who said “The good physician treats the disease but the great physician treat a patient who has the disease”

A

William Osler 1849-1919

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

McKeowan 1979- Historical changed in causes of mortality

  • Examined the achievements of medicine and found a decline in illnesses like smallpox due to improved nutrition and sanitation
  • Encouraged others to look at social and environmental factors that determine health
A

Belloc + Breslow 1972 and Belloc + Enstorm 1980- Role of bhvr in health

  • Bhvr is related to longevity
  • Found 7 bhvrs related to positive health status
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the 7 bhvrs found by Belloc et al 1972-1980 that are related to a positive health status?

A
  1. 7-8 hours of sleep
  2. Breakfast everyday
  3. No smoking
  4. Rarely eating between meals
  5. Near or on prescribed weight
  6. Moderate/ no alcohol
  7. Regular exercise
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What statistic (according to Ogden) is related to mortality

A

50% mortality

From 10 leading causes of death is due to bhvr

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is Serafino definition of health behaviours?

A

Any activity which people perform to maintain or improve their health regardless of their perceived health status or whether that behaviour actually achieves the goal. Also includes activities that people perform in order to restore their positive health status

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the 3 health related bhvrs introduced by Kasl + Cobb 1966?

A
  1. Well or wellness bhvr
    • bhvr aimed at promoting good health
  2. Symptom based bhvr or illness bhvr
    • bhvr aimed at identifying illness or finding a remedy
  3. Sick role bhvr
    • bhvr aimed at getting well
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Define contemporary illness

A

More influenced by behaviours e.g. smoking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are Matarazzo’s 1984 distinctions of health?

[2]

A
  1. Health impairing habits

2. Health protective bhvrs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the Predicting factors of health behaviour performance

A
  • genes
  • social factors
  • patient’s beliefs
  • emotions
  • perceptions of symptoms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Define health LOC

A

The degree to which people believe that their health is controlled by internal or external factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Attributions about causality

[4]

A

Interval vs. External
Stable vs. Unstable
Global vs. Specific
Controllable vs. Uncontrollable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Wallaston + Wallaston 1982

• Questionnaire rating whether people believe their help is within their control or not

A

AO3

  • is it state or trait?
  • can you be both internal and external?
  • some bhvrs may be both
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Define unrealistic optimism

A

People tend to think they are less likely to be ill than the next person

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What were the 4 contributory cognitive factors presented by Weinstein 1983?

A

(Based on the idea of unrealistic optimism)

  1. Lack of personal experience of problem
  2. Belief that it is preventable by individual action
  3. Belief that if it hasn’t happened yet, it won’t in the future
  4. Belief that problem is infrequent
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What does it mean to engage in a selective focus?

A
  • people tend to ignore own risk taking bhvr
  • focus on their risk reducing bhvr
  • ignore other peoples risk reducing bhvr
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are models of health bhvr used to predict?

A
  • taking up/ increasing health protective bhvrs
  • stopping/ reducing health compromising bhvrs
  • used to design interventions to change people’s health bhvr
24
Q

What are the 2 health models ?

A
  1. Health Belief Model by Rosenstock 1966

2. Theory of Planned Bhvr/ Theory of Reasoned Action by Fishbein + Ajzen et al

25
Q

What are the 2 categories of the HBM?

A
  1. threat perception

2. behavioural evaluation

26
Q

Define the health belief model

A

Believes people have in regards to their health behaviour are key for predicting/carrying out these bhvrs

27
Q

What 3 other things are important in the HBM?

A
  • Cues to action
  • Health motivation
  • Perceived control
28
Q

Evidence for HBM ?

A

Ww can predict a wide range of health related bhvrs including:

  • smoking (Penderson 1982)
  • cancer screening (Raul 2001)
  • eating meat (Witkendt 2003)
  • breast self examination (Norman + Brain 2005)
  • diabetic regiments (Wdwick 2005)
  • psychiatric regiments (Perkins 2002)
  • parental adherence to children’s regimens (Becker 1978)
29
Q

What is the criticism of the HBM?

A
  • Assumes rational decision making
  • ignores emotional factors
  • only explains a 30% variance in health bhvrs
  • overemphasis on the individual
30
Q

What is the Theory of Reasoned action/ planned bhvr?

A

What type of social cognition my dog that regards people As active information processors

31
Q

How does TRM differ from the HBM?

A

Takes into account other people, their attitudes and their normative beliefs

32
Q

What is the information based approach?

A

An intervention based on models of health bhvr.

AIMS= increase awareness of benefits of bhvr change and the costs of bhvr change is and Eclipse people with the skills and resources to change behaviour

33
Q

What are Sutton’s 2010 steps to develop TPB intervention ?

[5]

A
  • identifies illogical beliefs
    1. Identify TARGET BHVR + TARGET POPULATION
    2. Identify MOST SALIENT BELIEFS about target bhvr in target population
    3. Conduct STUDY to IDENTIFY BELIEFS
    4. Identify BELIEFS that discriminate between INTENDERS and NON INTENDERS and make these further target beliefs
    5. Develop INTERVENTION to CHANGE TARGET BELIEFS
34
Q

What 3 types of health bhvrs can be used in support for TPB?

A
  1. Protection bhvrs
    • Safe sex McEachen
  2. Risk bhvrs
    • exceeding speed limit Elliot et al
  3. Detection bhvrs
    • self examination Lechner
35
Q

AO3 of health models

A
  • do we really take this amount of time to think about our bhvrs?
  • Models do not take into account habits and the fact that people are not always rational
36
Q

Define stress

A

Pressure tension emotional response

37
Q

What are the five different ways of viewing stress

A
  1. STRESSOR = from external environment
  2. STRESS/DISTRESS = response to stressor
  3. DISTRESS = harmful stress
  4. EUSTRESS = beneficial stress
  5. ACUTE vs. CHRONIC = duration of stress
38
Q

What are the 6 models/ theories of stress?

A
  1. Cannon’s fight or flight 1932
  2. SAM pathway
  3. HPA axis
  4. Selye’s GAS model 1956
  5. Life Events Theory, Holmes + Rahe 1967
  6. Transactional model of stress, Lazarus et al
39
Q

What is Cannon’s F or F response?

A

Response to environmental triggers physiological changes leading to an increase activity rate and arousal.

• Equips the person with the resources to either face the threat and fight or escape from it flight

40
Q

What happens when the SAM pathway is aroused

A

SNS is activated > Adrenal medulla releases NOREPINEPHRINE and EPINEPHRINE = Increased heart rate, blood pressure, overall increased energy

Then cortisol sends feedback messages to the pituitary to regain homeostasis

41
Q

What happens when the HPA Axis is activated

A

Pituitary gland activates that ADRENAL CORTEX and releases: CORTICOSTEROIDS, Including cortisol that mobilise the immune response and energy resources > Cortisol raises GLUCOSE levels and increases METABOLISM

42
Q

Outline the 3 stages of Selye’s GAS model

A
  1. Alarm: increased activity after exposure to stressor
  2. Resistance: Coping phase and attempt to reverse effects of alarm stage
  3. Exhaustion: Repeated exposure to stress there is no for the capacity to resist
43
Q

AO3 of Cannon + Selye models

A
  • both are based on a S-R framework, no accountability of individual variability and psychological factors
  • both assume consistency of physiological response
  • ‘arousal’ is too broad a term
  • individual is viewed as passive
44
Q

What is the Life Events Theory by Holmes + Rahe

A

Various measures incorporate a range of life experiences with severity ranging from minor to moderate to severe. The score was thought to represent levels of stress but has been critiqued for being too crude

45
Q

AO3 of life events theory

A
  • assumed the same event impacts everyone the same way; people should be able to rate their own life events
  • retrospective assessment
46
Q

As an AO3 of life events theory, what did Pilkonis et al suggest people should do

A

Ppl should be able to rate their own life events as an impact of the same events according to:

  • desirability of event
  • control over event
  • level of readjustment after event
47
Q

What is the Transactional model of stress by Lazarus et al

A

Stress involves a transaction between the individual and their external world. Appraisal is key to experiencing stress

48
Q

What are the 2 types of appraisal?

[Lazarus et al]

A
  1. Primary : appraisal of outside world

2. Secondary : appraisal of the self

49
Q

Define self efficacy

A

Confidence of ability to perform an action

50
Q

What did Bandura find about Self efficacy? 1988

A

Was found to mediate stress-induces immunosuppression and other physiological responses to stress

51
Q

Define hardiness

A

Personal feelings of control decide to accept challenges and commitment to influence appraisal of potential stresses

52
Q

Outline Phillips et al’s 2008 study on stress and illness

A

In a sample of 968 ppl from Glasgow who were followed up over the span of 17 years.

Self-report assessments of occupational stress smoking behaviour height and weight blood pressure major life events and mortality.
Predicted by number of health-related life events and stress load at baseline

53
Q

Define the 2 physiological changed that cause illness

A
  1. Sympathetic activation: Prolonged exposure to adrenaline and no adrenaline may cause blood clots and increased blood pressure and the fat deposits plaque formation immunosuppression
  2. HPA activation: Prolonged exposure to cortisol may cause decrease immune function and damage to neurons in the hippocampus
54
Q

How do behavioural changes cause illness

A

Stress influences health behaviours which in turn influence illness e.g. smoking

• In a study by Metcalfe et al 2003 found that smoking was linked to levels of stress

55
Q

Define the 3 individual variabilities in the stress-illness link.

  • Stress reactivity
  • Stress recovery
  • Allostatic load
A
  • Stress reactivity: Level of physiological response to stress, response is stronger in some individuals as compare to others
  • Stress recovery: Refers to sympathetic and HB a activation referring to baseline does recover faster are less likely to be ill
  • Allostatic load: Wear and tear on the body affect repeated chronic stress
56
Q

What is the role of health psychologists

A
  • Work with people experiencing illness to reduce stress e.g. pain management
  • Conduct research
  • Work in occupational health e.g. to minimise job stress

Psych In Context (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions