Sport and Society: Social Action Theory Flashcards
What is society?
An organised group of people associated for some specific purpose or with a shared common interest
What is internalisation?
The learning of values or attitudes that are incorporated within yourself
What is socialisation?
A lifelong process where members of a society learns its norms, values, ideas, practices and roles in order to take their place in that society
What is primary socialisation?
Refers to socialisation during the early years of childhood which takes place mainly within the immediate family
What is secondary socialisation?
Occurs during the later years when the family is less involved and other ‘agencies’ are deliberately set up for the socialisation process and begin to exert more and more influence
What is social control?
A concept that refers to the way in which peoples thoughts, feelings, appearance and behaviours are regulated in social system
What is an institution?
An established organisation founded for religious, educational, professional or social purpose
What is social purpose?
An alteration in the social order of a society
Define equality in sport
The right to access the same opportunities, regardless of factors such as race, age, sex, mental or physical capabilities
Define prejudice
To form an unfavourable opinion of an individual, often based on inadequate facts
Define discrimination
The unfair treatment of a person, or minority group; to make a distinction and act on a prejudice
What are the two types of discrimination?
Overt and covert discrimination
What is overt discrimination?
Visible and obvious such as verbal racism or abuse towards a player
What is covert discrimination?
Hidden and less obvious such as non selection of an individual as captain because of their race
What is stereotyping?
Making generalisations about all members of a group/an individual due to them belonging to a certain group.
What are the benefits of raising participation?
. Improve health and fitness
. Reduces BP
. Meeting new people
. Making new friends
. Higher levels of self confidence
. Perform better at work
. Money put into equipment/facilities gives people jobs which benefits country financially
What are the barriers to sport participation?
. Lack of time
. Negative social influences such as poor PE experiences
. Lack of motivation
. Lack of skill
. Lack of resources/costs of participation
. Family obligations/domestic responsibilities
What is gender socialisation?
The act of learning to conform to culturally defined gender roles through socialisation.
What is social change?
An alteration in the social order of a society
When does social change occur?
When institutions re-adjust to meet new needs of groups in society such as woman
What are the main causes of inequality in sport?
. Lack of money
. Lack of self confidence
. Lack of role models/coaches/leaders
. Myths or stereotypes - women, ethnics, disabled
What are social issues?
Problems that affect many people in society
What is inequality?
The unfair situation where resources or opportunities are distributed unevenly within society
What is social structure?
Organised pattern of social relationships and institutions that make up society; class is common structure in UK
What is stratification?
System of rankings within society, eg by wealth, power etc
What is social class?
A term used to define social inequalities ie certain groups have more access to wealth, income, and power than others. Factors which contribute to social class include a persons job, family background, education and income
What is the social action theory?
This is a way of viewing socialisation, emphasising the active roles people have in shaping society/social life ie based on social action such as our interactions and negotiations with each other
What is the interactionist approach?
It is the study of how individuals behave within society. It is a theoretical process which stems from social processes.
What are the barriers of sport for disabled people?
. Poor access to facilities
. Negative attitude towards disabled people in sports
. Lack of media coverage for disabled sports
. Lack of confidence
. Lower income
. Poor disability sport programmes/coach
What solutions are there to the barriers in sport for disabled people?
+ providing facilities or equipment
+ educating staff and the public
+ increase coverage for disabled sports
+ subsiding fees for disabled sports
+ provide training for disabled sports players
+ set up NGBs who can plan programmes for disabled sports
What are the barriers of sport for people of different ethnicities?
. Conflict with religious/cultural observances
. Discouragement - higher value placed on education rather than sport
. Fear of racism/prejudice or discrimination
.Fewer role models - especially in coaching/managerial positions
. Fear of rejection/low levels of self-esteem
. Stereotyping/channelling into certain sports and away from others
. Language barriers
What solutions are there to the barriers in sport for people of different ethncities?
+ Training more ethnic minority coaches/teachers/leaders and educating them on effects of stereotyping
+ Ensuring single-sex provision, e.g for Muslim women
+ Publicising and punishing racist abuse
+ Improving PE provision for ethnic preferences, e.g relaxing kit rules and showering procedures
+ Organising campaigns against racism, e.g ‘Kick it Out’
What are the barriers of sport for women?
. Fewer role models/opportunities to become full time sports performers
. Fewer sponsorship opportunities
. Negative impact of school PE programmes, e.g rules on showering/kit; lack of appealing choice of activities
. Low levels of self-esteem/body image issues
. Lack of leisure time - work/domestic responsibilities
. Lack of disposable income
. Channelling into certain ‘female appropriate’ sports
. Fewer competitions/clubs available
. Women lack aggression for some sports
. Pressure on women to be thin as opposed to healthy
What solutions are there to the barriers for women in sport?
+ Laws make sex discriminations unlawful
+ More women working - increased disposable income
+ Shared domestic responsibilities - more leisure time
+ Improved childcare provision/provide creches
+ Increased media coverage of women’s sports - more role models
+ Increased sponsorship for women’s sport
+ Educate to reject stereotypical myths/improved PE provision
+ Providing more opportunities to join sports clubs
+ Making changing rooms/sports facilities clean and attractive
+ Promoting women’s sports through Sport England and WSFF
What are the health benefits?
. Decreased risk of developing heart disease/suffering a stroke
. Avoidance of high/low blood pressure
. Decreased risk of type 2 diabetes
. Maintaining a healthy weight/decreased risk of obesity
. Strengthening of bones - reduced risk of osteoporosis
What are the physical benefits?
. Improved posture/body shape/body tone as a result of weight loss
. Improved CVF, MS, and ME
. Improved flexibility, agility, balance and coordination
. Improved speed, reaction time and power
.
What are the mental benefits?
. Exercise causes the body to release chemicals such as serotonin and endorphins, which have a calming effect and help a person to feel happier and this causes them to have a more positive outlook on life
. Improved sleep patterns which enhances mood and relationships
. Boost in a persons mood can also help improve skills of concentration and allows a clearer focus on relationships
What are the social benefits?
. Confidence and self-esteem improves which means they are likely to increase
. Involvements in sport/exercise becomes increasingly likely
. Introduces people to new people who share a common interest; this may lead to an increased sense of community
. Physical activity is a positive use of free time which can keep individuals out of trouble and decrease criminality as a result
What is Sport England’s mission?
Increase participation in sport/physical activity
What are the 5 main outcomes of Sport England’s new strategy?
. Physical well-being
. Mental well-being
. Individual development
. Social and community development
. Economic development
Who will benefit from Sport England raising participation levels?
It will benefit those who are behind a barrier in sport and especially those who are under represented in sport
What are the three under represented groups?
. woman/teenage girls
. ethnic minorities
. disabled people
What are the 6 key principles that Sport England have identified to create an active nation?
. Focus money and resources on tacking in activity
. Investing more in children and young people from the age of 5
. To help those who are active now to carry on participating
. Helping the sport/active leisure sectors to become more welcoming and inclusive
. Help deliver a more joined up experience of sport and physical activity for customers
. Encourage innovation and sharing of best practice
What does Country Sports Partnerships (CSP) do?
They offer programmes that are spread throughout the country and these programmes are delivered regionally/locally to meet specific local needs
What is the CSP?
It is a national network of local agencies working together to increase participation in sport and physical activity.
How does the CSP help?
They work with a number of sport/physical activity providers, who are committed to increasing participation across their network
What nationally funded partners do Sport England work with?
. English federation of disability sports
. sporting equals
. women in sport
. street games
. NGB’s
What is the EFDS?
It is a national charity dedicated to increasing participation in sport and physical activity
What is Sporting Equals?
An organisation that exists to actively promote ethnic diversity across sport and physical activity.
What do Women in Sports do?
It aims to make being active more attractive to woman and teenage girls by trying to break down the barriers which are putting them off participating in sport/physical activity
What is Women in Sports the new name for?
It is the new name for Womens Sports and Fitness Foundation
What is Street Games?
A national charity dedicated to developing sport in disadvantaged communities, making it accessible to all, regardless of social circumstances
