Sport and Society: Post Industrial Britain Flashcards
What does HITFOR represent?
Represents the negative effects of rationalised sports during the first half of the 19th century
What does the H in HITFOR mean?
Poor health and hygiene
What does I in HITFOR represent?
Lack of income
What does T in HITFOR represent?
Lack of time
What does F stand for in HITFOR?
Facility provision was lacking
What does O in HITFOR stand for?
Overcrowding and lack of space
What does R in HITFOR represent?
Loss of rights
How did teachers help with development of sport in Britain?
They developed teams and taught traditional sporting values
How did the clergy help with development of sport in Britain?
They developed churched teams or became missionaries and took sport abroad
How did the industrialists and factory owners help with development of sport in Britain?
Set up teams and gave workers time off to compete
How did officers in the British army help with development of sport in Britain?
Sport was spread throughout the army
How did national governing bodies help with development of sport in Britain?
Codified sports and established leagues and competitions that eventually went internationally
How did diplomats help with development of sport in Britain?
They travelled the world and took sport with them
Where did people live more in post industrial Britain?
More people lived in towns and cities. This meant they worked less on the land
What is rational recreation?
‘Rational’ suggests that a level of order, logic and structure began to be applied to sports such as football and this would in turn reflect a more ordered industrially based society.
Definition of rational recreation?
We’re sports pastimes for the lower class which were designed by the middle classes to be well ordered, organised and controlled
What were the negative effects of rationalised sport during the first half of the 19th century?
. Lack of leisure time
. Lack of income
. Migration of the lower classes into cities
. Poor health
. Loss of rights
. Lack of public provisions
Why was there a lack of leisure time?
Because the shifts changed from ‘seasonal’ to ‘machine’. These would be 12 hour shifts 6x a week
Why was there a lack of income?
Because there were low wages and poverty was evident and this meant there was little spare income for leisure pursuits
Why was there a migration of the lower class into cities?
The lower class was looking for work in new factories that were being built. These new factories would’ve meant that there would be less space to play traditional mob games such as mob football
Why was there poor health?
Due to poor working conditions and living conditions. There was a lot of pollution and a lack of hygiene. This also meant there was little energy to play sport
What did a loss of rights mean?
Restrictions were placed on mob games and blood sports by change in criminal law
What did a lack of public provisions mean?
No access to private facilities or no personal equipment for the lower class
What are some of the improvements in the second half of the Industrial Revolution (1850-1900)
. Ex -public schoolboys
. Industrial patronage
. Increase in wages and time for sport
. Communication
. Values of athleticism
. Improved health
. Three-tier society
Result of improvement in health and hygiene meant what?
This helped to stop the spread of disease which enabled people to have more energy and willingness to participate in sport
Gradual increase in wages and time for sport meant what?
Due to the ‘Factory Act’ and Saturday half days being provided to the workers meant they could participate in sport more
Development of middle class meant what?
This changed the ways of behaviour and playing sport. This would result in it being more respectful and being played at a high moral code (developing strict rules, leagues and competitions. They provided facilities via their involvement in the local council and gave more time off work
How did the influence of ex-public schoolboys help?
Via industry and the church they helped to promote sport
What did the values of athleticism mean?
There was physical endeavour with moral integrity. They would always work hard and take part in the spirit of fair play and this would have spread to the lower classes
What was the role of industrial patronage?
These were the kind factory owners becoming patrons of sport for the working class by providing support for the working class by providing support for them to participate in various ways. This led to provisions for recreation and sport. Factory teams were set up and so were sporting facilities
What did the improvements in transport and communications mean?
It influenced the distance spectators and players could travel and leagues were established. Fixtures and the results would be published in the papers. Travelling becoming cheaper also meant participation and spectating of sport became more accessible
Why was there a development of NGB’s?
. Sport became increasingly popular and was widespread
. More teams and clubs formed
. Leagues and competitions required for teams to compete in
. More national and international fixtures
. Nationally agreed rules and codification
. Maintain amateur ideal
What was the amateur ideal?
It dealt with professionalism and early commercialisation of sport
Who were the amateurs?
Mainly the upper class because they didn’t need to be paid for their participation in sport. They already had money. They partook in sport for fun
What is urbanisation?
Large numbers of people migrating from rural areas into towns and cities seeking regular work in the factories
What did gradual improvements in working conditions result in?
More free time for workers to spend engaged in entertainment, and as a consequence attendance at football matches and other activities increased, as football grounds and other purpose built facilities were constructed to meet the raising demand
Why was there a lack of work space?
In the cities, unlike the countryside, space was at a premium. This led to the development of purpose built facilities (football grounds)
Why was there a loss of traditional sports?
Many working class traditional working class sports such as mob games were banned in a civilised urban society, so there was no need for new sports to emerge
What did a large working class population mean?
Urbanisation means a large working class population needed entertaining, resulting in mass spectator numbers at football and rugby matches for the first time
What did the change in working conditions mean?
Initially the working classes worked long hours in the factories and had limited free time, income or energy to devote to sport. As the situation improved, sport attendance and participation did so as well.
What did transport improving mean to sport?
It increased spectator and participation opportunities which spread interest in sport. Faster trains enable people to travel further and more easily which gave more time for sport matches. Spectators could follow their team to away matches.
How did the railway develop sport?
. Movement of teams/spectators - nationwide fixtures developing on a regular basis
. Improved access to different parts of the country - leagues were able to be formed involving clubs from across the country
. Cheaper train travel - led to working classes following their teams home and away
. Improved access to the countryside - activities in rural areas were reachable and affordable
How did the church influence sport?
. The church facilities like halls provided facilities
. Encouraged civilised behaviour - the shift in behaviour from popular recreation to rational recreation (not drinking/gambling)
. This increased attendance at church ceremonies and holy days
. The church organised sports teams such as football
What did the church promote and how did they do it?
They promoted ‘social control’ through ‘civilised activities’. This diverted people away from drinking and gambling. Sport would help to promote these good Christian values
What was muscular Christianity?
Muscular Christians said that sports were not inherently sinful, nor were they simply entertainment and recreation; instead, sports could be a way to develop and grow Christian character.
Who were the middle class and what did they do?
The middle class were self made individuals who had some empathy and concern for the working class unlike their social superiors, the upper class. They improved the lives of the working class through improvement in sporting provisions
What is codification?
The development of strict rules as public schools and university old boys played a key role in the formation of many NGB’s of sport.
What is competition?
The development of leagues and competitions via middle class involvement in public schools/universities/clubs/NGB’s/factory and church teams
Why was there an increase in leisure time?
Workers were given more time off by the middle class to participate in sport
Why was there a move to professionalism?
The middle classes helped in the development of early commercial/professional sport (acting as agents, promoters in athletics, factory owners setting up teams and paying broken time payments in football
What are broken time payments?
It is where working men are compensated for missing work to play in sport.
What were public provisions?
The development of facilities through middle class philanthropists
What does philanthropists mean?
Kind, generous, middle class individuals who had a social conscience and were keen to try and provide for a better life among the working class
How did the development of public baths help?
. Wash houses act was established to try and combat diseases
. There were first and second class public baths - reflected social class
. Helped improve the productivity of work as workers were healthier
What does public provisions mean?
The local councils provision of facilities (recreational sport for the masses to participate)
