Sport and Society - Industrial and post-industrial (1780-1900) Flashcards
Define rational recreation
In the 19th century, these were sports pastimes for the lower classes which were designed by the middle classes to be well ordered, organised and controlled.
At the start of the 19th century, did the industrial revolution have a negative or positive impact on sport?
Negative
Explain how the migration of the lower classes to urban areas may have hindered sport during the industrial revolution
Led to a loss of space to play traditional mob games and overcrowding
Explain how a lack of leisure time during the industrial revolution may have hindered sport
The shift from ‘seasonal’ to ‘machine’ time, leading to long 12-hour working days, six days a week. Sundays were seen as a day of rest.
Explain how a lack of income during the industrial revolution may have hindered sport
Low wages and poverty with evident, with little spare income for leisure pursuits.
Explain how poor health during the industrial revolution may have hindered sport
Along with poor working and living conditions that led to a lack of energy to play sport
Explain how a loss of rights during the industrial revolution may have hindered sport
Restrictions were placed on mob sports, leading to risk of criminal charges
Explain how a lack of public provision in the industrial revolution may have hindered sport
No access to facilities or equipment for the lower class
During the 2nd half of the 19th century, did the industrial revolution positively or negatively impact sport?
Positively
Explain how improvements in health and hygeine during the industrial revolution positively impacted sport
More energy to playe
Explain how improvements in wages during the industrial revolution positively impacted sport
More money to pay for equipment
Explain how the development of the middle class during the industrial revolution positively impacted sport
- Developed NGBs
- Made sport more respectable
Explain how public school boys during the industrial revolution positively impacted sport
Via industry, the church, the British Empire and transport
Explain how industrial patronage during the industrial revolution positively impacted sport
Factory teams were set up by factory owners as a way of decreasing illness and encouraging loyalty in the workforce
Explain how improvements in transport and communication during the industrial revolution positively impacted sport
Via the development of roads and steam trains influenced the distances that spectators and players could travel. Fixtures and results could then be published in newspapers
Define urbanisation
Large numbers of people moving from rural areas into towns and cities to seek work in the factories
How did a lack of space caused by urbanisation positively impact sport?
In cities, unlike the countryside, space was at a premium. This led to the development of purpose-built facilities. E.g. football pitches
How did a large population caused by urbanisation positively impact sport?
Urbanisation meant a large working class population needed entertaining. Resulting in mass spectatorism at football and rugby matches.
How did the church help sport during industrial Britain?
- The church used their land as a space for sporting and recreational activities
- They also set up teams, and youth groups, such as the scouts
Name 3 professions that positively impacted sport in industrial Britain
Factory owners
Army officers
Clergy members
Diplomats
Teachers
Name the key aims of the Wenlock Olympic Games
- Form an Olympian Class
- Promote moral improvements
- Promote physical improvements
- Promote intellectual improvements
- Targeted at people of the town and neighbourhood of Wenlock
Define an amateur performer
Amateur: A person who plays sport for the love of it and receives no financial gain
Define a professional performer
Professional: A person who plays sport for financial gain
What class of society were industrial amateurs from?
Upper class
Why were gentlemen amateurs not paid?
They did not need the money
What kind of ethos did gentlement amateurs play with?
Amateur ethos/athleticism/sportsmanship
What class were industrial professional sportspeople from?
Working classW
Why were the working class professional>
They needed monetary rewards
What was the dominant ethos among industrial professionals?
Win at all costs
Name 3 factors that led to the development of association football
Urbanisation
Increased leisure time
More disposable income
Improved transport
Increased professionalism
Social Class links
Increased organisation
Name 3 factors that led to the emergence of elite female footballers
Equal opportunities
Increased media coverage
More female role models
Mor provision in school
More clubs and funding
More free time
Identify 3 characteristics of lawn tennis
Middle class invention
Played by the middle class
Organised by the middle class
Use of specialist equipment
Use of standardised rules
Male and female participation
Public provision
