Sport and Society Flashcards
What is popular recreation?
The sport and pastimes of people in pre-industrial Britain.
When was pre-industrial Britain?
Pre-1780
What is the feudal system?
A way of structuring society.
Upper class vs Lower class
What are the socio-cultural factors of pre-industrial Britain?
- Communication and transport was limited.
- Widespread illiteracy –> especially lower class.
- Violent lifestyle - lack of laws.
4.Limited free time for lower class.
5.Feudal system. - Rural areas.
How do pre-industrial socio-cultural factors reflect on popular recreation?
For both upper and lower class.
- Limited communication and transport –> local and specific to each community.
- Illiteracy - lower class rules were basic, no officials, mob games.
- Violent lifestyle –> aggressive and male dominated. Injuries and property damage.
- Limited free time –> only on Holy days.
Upper class:
- played whenever
- more complex
- regular and no expense spared on equipment.
What activity was played by lower class in pre-1780?
Mob Football
What are some characteristics of mob football?
- Localised e.g., Ashbourne mob, Haxey hood
- Few, simple rules.
- Violent and male-dominated.
- Occasional on Holy days.
- Natural - no purpose built facilities.
What are some characteristics of real tennis?
- Solely for the upper class.
- Very exclusive.
- Written rules –>educated.
- Gentlemen sport –> lacked violence.
- Expensive equipment
What was food racing?
Also known as_______
Characteristics of foot racing.
Competitive running/walking in pre-1780.
Also known as pedestrianism.
Rules were simple in rural location.
Upper class placed wages on the outcome.
What are patrons?
A member of the upper class who looked after a lower-class performer by arranging competitions, etc.
Like a manager
When was the industrial revolution and what was it?
Negative or positive?
1780-1900 changes to society.
1780-1850 was the negative half.
1850-1900 was the positive.
What are the initial negative effects of the industrial revolution?
Hint - HITFOR
H ealth and hygiene - poor and lack
I ncome - lack
T ime - lack
F acility provision - lack
O vercrowding
R ights - lack
How did the socio-cultural factors of 1780-1850 impact rational recreation?
H - no energy to play or too sick.
I - little to spare on leisure.
T - 12-hour working days, only on Sabbath (sunday).
F - no facilities nor equipment.
O - urban areas meant no place to play mob games. TOo many factories.
R - criminal laws banned mob games.
What were the socio-cultural factors of the second half of the industrial revolution?
- Health and hygiene improved.
- Gradual increase in wage and more time.
- Improvements in communication and transport.
- Values of athleticism.
- Industrial patronage.
What is referred to as the industrial patronage?
Factory teams were set up by factory owners to reduce absenteeism and encourage loyalty in the workplace.
What is urbanisation? Impact on recreation?
People moving from rural areas to urban areas.
With little space and ban for mob games –> purpose built facilities were developed.
Large population –> mass spectators and teams acting as businesses.
What is the transport revolution? Impact on recreation?
The development of steam trains and railways –> cheaper and easy transport.
More traveling to away matches and regular national fixtures.
With a regular league involving clubs across the country.
Development of communication - impact on recreation?
Increased literacy ability for working-class –> newspapers developed –> increased awareness and knowledge of sport like when are fixtures and players = emergence of role models as people can follow along results.
The influence of Church on recreation?
Increased promotion as it was good form of social behaviour –> would provide facilities (playing fields) and Church teams like Aston Villa and Tottenham.
Also good way to promote Christian values like muscular Christianity - healthy body and mind.
Emergence of 3 tier society - impact on recreation?
What did the middle class do?
Middle class was introduced - had concern and empathy for the working-class. They:
- Organised more sporting events.
- Codification - made rules.
- Set up NGBs.
- Reduced working hours –> more leisure.
- Created public provisions.
Development of public provisions - impact on recreation?
- Washouses increased which promote healthy lifestyles.
Increased hygiene and reduced illness –> more energy for sport. - Tennis courts were introduced in public parks.
Role of the British Empire - impact on recreation?
- Army and navy officers introduced sports they experienced in other countries.
- Teachers developed teams and taught traditional sporting values.
- Factory owners set up tfactory teams and gave them time off to compete.
- CLergy developed Church teams.
- Diplomats travelled the world and took sport with tme (e.g., rugby and cricket),
What is rational recreation?
The post-industrial development of sport.
What are the characteristics of rational recreation? R’s
- Respectability - not violent and emphasis on fair play.
- Regionaly, nationally and internationally.
- Referees - enforce new rules.
- Regular.
- Purpose built facilities - grounds, tracks and pitches.
- Skills and tactics involved - better fitness and positioning.
Define an amateur.
A person who plays sport for the love of it and receives no financial gain.
Define a professional.
A person who plays sport for financial gain.
What is a gentleman amateur?
A middle or upper class amateur - high levels of moral/sportsmanship.
Characteristics/values of amateurism and a gentleman amateur in the 19th century.
- Value of health and fitness.
- High moral integrity.
- Respected member of society.
- Social elite - wealth and free time.
- Range of sports.
- Training was frowned upon.
- High sportsmanship.
What are some positive impacts of gentlemen amateurism - 19th century.
- Code of ethics - high set of morals, fair play and sportsmanship.
- Participation in sport - more important than winning. Character building exercise.
- All rounder - high regard to play a variety of sports.
- Code of amateurism - NBG put clearly set rules.
- Elite sport - run and dominated by upper and middle class with high status.
What are some positive impacts of professionalism - 19th century.
- Broken time payments - wage for time of to represent factory team.
- Results - were valued so dedicated training to improve performance.
- Financial gain - greater than normal WC.
- Social mobility - chance to succeed.
Features of 20th century Amateurs.
- HIgh status in sport and society.
- Controllers of sport as they were upper/middle class who financially excluded WC.
- Top performers.
- Highly moral, fair play.
Features of modern day amateurs?
- Tend to be of lower status - society was more based on equality of opportunity.
- Open - to all and anyone.
- Finance - some receive finance to pay for training expenses.
4.Blurring of amateur and professional distinction –> achievement on merit.
What are some positive impacts of modern day amateurs?
- Codes of amateurism still evident - fair play and sportsmanship.
- Still viewed positively and promoted (e.g., fair play awards).
- Rugby Union maintained their amateurism by having codes of conduct like calling ‘sir’.
Features of modern day professionalism.
- All classes can compete = more social mobility.
- Respected for talent and effort.
- High rewards through sponsors and media.
- More time to train –> full-time.
- Celebrity status.
- Increase in commercial sport.
- Easier, affordable travel = more spectators.
What are some reasons for the rationalisation (growth) of association football?
- Urbanisation - purpose-built facilities for high demand.
- More leisure time - less factory time = more time to play and watch. Saturday 3pm traditional time.
- More disposable income - higher wages, better living conditions = money for tickets and transport.
- Improved transport - better steam trains = away fixtures and regularity.
- Increased professionalism - broken time payments = more opportunities for professional football.
What is the Bosman ruling? When was it introduced?
What did it help?
1995 - rule to allow players to leave their club at the end of their contract without a transfer fee.
More movement of players –> negotiate for higher wages with new club.
Making it difficult for smaller players to keep their players.
What are some socio-cultural factors that led to the emergence of Elite female footballers?
- Equal Opportunities - Sex discrimination Act –> less discrimination = more accepted.
- Increased Media Coverage - more mainstream TV channels streaming women’s football.
- More Female Role Models - coaches, managers and officials –> positive impact on girls.
- More Provision via Schools - national curriculum PE and extracurricular activities –> more chances.
- More Free Time - traditional, domestic role of women has decreased.
- More clubs Forming.
What is lawn tennis? When was it developed?
Middle class invention of tennis as they were excluded from upper class tennis - 1874 / pre 1920.
What was Major Walter Clopton Wingfield’s role in lawn tennis?
He patented his game of tennis where lawned gardens were used.
Lawn tennis and lower class link.
Walls and hedges ensured privacy from the lower class - excluded from tennis.
Middle class had private tennis clubs.
Lawn tennis and women.
Lawn tennis was an activity in the emancipation (freeing) of women.
Female participation was allowed –> ‘minimum exercise activity’ dressed in modest long-sleeve dresses.
Not too vigorous –> won’t sweat –> not unladylike.
Males and females played together as social gatherings and to improve health.
What are some characteristics of lawn tennis?
- Middle-class invention - private - excluded WC.
- Played by males and females for civilised social game.
- Use of specialist equipment –> money.
- Organised by MC –> had experience to form own private clubs.
What occured in the post 1920s in regards to lawn tennis? Quick summary.
1968 - shamateurism.
Open Era
Distinct gender inequalities.
Women’s Tennis Association
Equality
What is shamateurism (1968) ?
What did it lead to?
When amateurs receive money illegally.
Led to a blurring distinction between amateur and professional.
What is the ‘Open Era’?
When professional tennis players were allowed to compete alongside amateurs to earn money.
aka open to everyone.
Made the game spread worldwide.
