Sport and Society Flashcards
1
Q
What is popular recreation?
A
The sport and pastimes of people in pre-industrial Britain.
2
Q
When was pre-industrial Britain?
A
Pre-1780
3
Q
What is the feudal system?
A
A way of structuring society.
Upper class vs Lower class
4
Q
What are the socio-cultural factors of pre-industrial Britain?
A
- Communication and transport was limited.
- Widespread illiteracy –> especially lower class.
- Violent lifestyle - lack of laws.
4.Limited free time for lower class.
5.Feudal system. - Rural areas.
5
Q
How do pre-industrial socio-cultural factors reflect on popular recreation?
For both upper and lower class.
A
- Limited communication and transport –> local and specific to each community.
- Illiteracy - lower class rules were basic, no officials, mob games.
- Violent lifestyle –> aggressive and male dominated. Injuries and property damage.
- Limited free time –> only on Holy days.
Upper class:
- played whenever
- more complex
- regular and no expense spared on equipment.
6
Q
What activity was played by lower class in pre-1780?
A
Mob Football
7
Q
What are some characteristics of mob football?
A
- Localised e.g., Ashbourne mob, Haxey hood
- Few, simple rules.
- Violent and male-dominated.
- Occasional on Holy days.
- Natural - no purpose built facilities.
8
Q
What are some characteristics of real tennis?
A
- Solely for the upper class.
- Very exclusive.
- Written rules –>educated.
- Gentlemen sport –> lacked violence.
- Expensive equipment
9
Q
What was food racing?
Also known as_______
Characteristics of foot racing.
A
Competitive running/walking in pre-1780.
Also known as pedestrianism.
Rules were simple in rural location.
Upper class placed wages on the outcome.
10
Q
What are patrons?
A
A member of the upper class who looked after a lower-class performer by arranging competitions, etc.
Like a manager
11
Q
When was the industrial revolution and what was it?
Negative or positive?
A
1780-1900 changes to society.
1780-1850 was the negative half.
1850-1900 was the positive.
12
Q
What are the initial negative effects of the industrial revolution?
Hint - HITFOR
A
H ealth and hygiene - poor and lack
I ncome - lack
T ime - lack
F acility provision - lack
O vercrowding
R ights - lack
13
Q
How did the socio-cultural factors of 1780-1850 impact rational recreation?
A
H - no energy to play or too sick.
I - little to spare on leisure.
T - 12-hour working days, only on Sabbath (sunday).
F - no facilities nor equipment.
O - urban areas meant no place to play mob games. TOo many factories.
R - criminal laws banned mob games.
14
Q
What were the socio-cultural factors of the second half of the industrial revolution?
A
- Health and hygiene improved.
- Gradual increase in wage and more time.
- Improvements in communication and transport.
- Values of athleticism.
- Industrial patronage.
15
Q
What is referred to as the industrial patronage?
A
Factory teams were set up by factory owners to reduce absenteeism and encourage loyalty in the workplace.
16
Q
What is urbanisation? Impact on recreation?
A
People moving from rural areas to urban areas.
With little space and ban for mob games –> purpose built facilities were developed.
Large population –> mass spectators and teams acting as businesses.
17
Q
What is the transport revolution? Impact on recreation?
A
The development of steam trains and railways –> cheaper and easy transport.
More traveling to away matches and regular national fixtures.
With a regular league involving clubs across the country.
18
Q
Development of communication - impact on recreation?
A
Increased literacy ability for working-class –> newspapers developed –> increased awareness and knowledge of sport like when are fixtures and players = emergence of role models as people can follow along results.
19
Q
The influence of Church on recreation?
A
Increased promotion as it was good form of social behaviour –> would provide facilities (playing fields) and Church teams like Aston Villa and Tottenham.
Also good way to promote Christian values like muscular Christianity - healthy body and mind.
20
Q
Emergence of 3 tier society - impact on recreation?
What did the middle class do?
A
Middle class was introduced - had concern and empathy for the working-class. They:
- Organised more sporting events.
- Codification - made rules.
- Set up NGBs.
- Reduced working hours –> more leisure.
- Created public provisions.
21
Q
Development of public provisions - impact on recreation?
A
- Washouses increased which promote healthy lifestyles.
Increased hygiene and reduced illness –> more energy for sport. - Tennis courts were introduced in public parks.
22
Q
Role of the British Empire - impact on recreation?
A
- Army and navy officers introduced sports they experienced in other countries.
- Teachers developed teams and taught traditional sporting values.
- Factory owners set up tfactory teams and gave them time off to compete.
- CLergy developed Church teams.
- Diplomats travelled the world and took sport with tme (e.g., rugby and cricket),
23
Q
What is rational recreation?
A
The post-industrial development of sport.
24
Q
What are the characteristics of rational recreation? R’s
A
- Respectability - not violent and emphasis on fair play.
- Regionaly, nationally and internationally.
- Referees - enforce new rules.
- Regular.
- Purpose built facilities - grounds, tracks and pitches.
- Skills and tactics involved - better fitness and positioning.
25
Define an amateur.
A person who plays sport for the love of it and receives no financial gain.
26
Define a professional.
A person who plays sport for financial gain.
27
What is a gentleman amateur?
A middle or upper class amateur - high levels of moral/sportsmanship.
28
Characteristics/values of amateurism and a gentleman amateur in the 19th century.
- Value of health and fitness.
- High moral integrity.
- Respected member of society.
- Social elite - wealth and free time.
- Range of sports.
- Training was frowned upon.
- High sportsmanship.
29
What are some positive impacts of gentlemen amateurism - 19th century.
1. Code of ethics - high set of morals, fair play and sportsmanship.
2. Participation in sport - more important than winning. Character building exercise.
3. All rounder - high regard to play a variety of sports.
4. Code of amateurism - NBG put clearly set rules.
5. Elite sport - run and dominated by upper and middle class with high status.
30
What are some positive impacts of professionalism - 19th century.
1. Broken time payments - wage for time of to represent factory team.
2. Results - were valued so dedicated training to improve performance.
3. Financial gain - greater than normal WC.
4. Social mobility - chance to succeed.
31
Features of 20th century Amateurs.
1. HIgh status in sport and society.
2. Controllers of sport as they were upper/middle class who financially excluded WC.
3. Top performers.
4. Highly moral, fair play.
32
Features of modern day amateurs?
1. Tend to be of lower status - society was more based on equality of opportunity.
2. Open - to all and anyone.
3. Finance - some receive finance to pay for training expenses.
4.Blurring of amateur and professional distinction --> achievement on merit.
33
What are some positive impacts of modern day amateurs?
1. Codes of amateurism still evident - fair play and sportsmanship.
2. Still viewed positively and promoted (e.g., fair play awards).
3. Rugby Union maintained their amateurism by having codes of conduct like calling 'sir'.
34
Features of modern day professionalism.
1. All classes can compete = more social mobility.
2. Respected for talent and effort.
3. High rewards through sponsors and media.
4. More time to train --> full-time.
5. Celebrity status.
6. Increase in commercial sport.
7. Easier, affordable travel = more spectators.
35
What are some reasons for the rationalisation (growth) of association football?
1. Urbanisation - purpose-built facilities for high demand.
2. More leisure time - less factory time = more time to play and watch. Saturday 3pm traditional time.
3. More disposable income - higher wages, better living conditions = money for tickets and transport.
4. Improved transport - better steam trains = away fixtures and regularity.
5. Increased professionalism - broken time payments = more opportunities for professional football.
36
What is the Bosman ruling? When was it introduced?
What did it help?
1995 - rule to allow players to leave their club at the end of their contract without a transfer fee.
More movement of players --> negotiate for higher wages with new club.
Making it difficult for smaller players to keep their players.
37
What are some socio-cultural factors that led to the emergence of Elite female footballers?
1. Equal Opportunities - Sex discrimination Act --> less discrimination = more accepted.
2. Increased Media Coverage - more mainstream TV channels streaming women's football.
3. More Female Role Models - coaches, managers and officials --> positive impact on girls.
4. More Provision via Schools - national curriculum PE and extracurricular activities --> more chances.
5. More Free Time - traditional, domestic role of women has decreased.
6. More clubs Forming.
38
What is lawn tennis? When was it developed?
Middle class invention of tennis as they were excluded from upper class tennis - 1874 / pre 1920.
39
What was Major Walter Clopton Wingfield's role in lawn tennis?
He patented his game of tennis where lawned gardens were used.
40
Lawn tennis and lower class link.
Walls and hedges ensured privacy from the lower class - excluded from tennis.
Middle class had private tennis clubs.
41
Lawn tennis and women.
Lawn tennis was an activity in the emancipation (freeing) of women.
Female participation was allowed --> 'minimum exercise activity' dressed in modest long-sleeve dresses.
Not too vigorous --> won't sweat --> not unladylike.
Males and females played together as social gatherings and to improve health.
42
What are some characteristics of lawn tennis?
1. Middle-class invention - private - excluded WC.
2. Played by males and females for civilised social game.
3. Use of specialist equipment --> money.
4. Organised by MC --> had experience to form own private clubs.
43
What occured in the post 1920s in regards to lawn tennis? Quick summary.
1968 - shamateurism.
Open Era
Distinct gender inequalities.
Women's Tennis Association
Equality
44
What is shamateurism (1968) ?
What did it lead to?
When amateurs receive money illegally.
Led to a blurring distinction between amateur and professional.
45
What is the 'Open Era'?
When professional tennis players were allowed to compete alongside amateurs to earn money.
aka open to everyone.
Made the game spread worldwide.
46
How were there distinct gender inequalities in tennis?
Billie Jean King as an example.
Prize money was vastly different for females and males.
BJK got £750 while male Wimbeldon (1968) winner got £2000.
47
Classes and athletics.
M.C. and U.C. ran for fun and to test abilities.
W.C. were professionals running for money.
48
What does AAC stand for ? Around when? By who?
Amateur Athletic Club - 1866
Was formed by public school and ex-university gentlemen amateurs.
49
What was the purpose of AAC?
Excluded WC.
Brought respectability to athletics, emphasising fair play, courage and no wagering.
50
What does the AAA stand for? Around when? What did it do?
Amateur Athletic Association - 1880
Withdrew the exclusion and opened up to everyone.
Professional - any class who ran for money.
Women still did not participate as it was unladylike.
51
When were women allowed in athletics? What NGB?
1922 by the Women's AAA
52
Women in the olympics in 1928.
Could not race above 800m as it was too strenuous.
First female participation - Olympics 1928 Amsterdam. §
53
What were trust funds?
AAA kept control of all payments - had to be channeled through them.
Balance only available on retirement (except for daily expenses).
54
What is the current NBG for athletics? What does it do?
International Association of Athletics Federation (IAAF)
- No more trust funds.
- Organises major international competitions like the Diamond League.
55
What is the golden triangle?
The relationship between Media, Sport and Business.
Each relies on each other.
56
What is commercialism?
The process of attempting to gain money from an activity like sport.
57
What is sponsorship?
When a company pays for their products to be publicly displayed --> to increase sales.
58
Examples of sponsorship in sport.
Fly Emirates sponsors Arsenal.
Rolex sponsors Wimbeldon.
Etihad airways sponsors Man City.
59
What is merchandising?
The practice where one brand or image from one product is used to sell another.
60
What are some characteristics of commerical sport?
1. Professional sport - high quality & skills.
2. Entertainment - industry
3. Contracts - sales and tv rights.
4. Athletes as commodities - to increase sales.
5. Wide media coverage - appealing and high skills with understandable rules.
6. Sponsorship and business - go hand-in-hand.
61
What are the effects of commercialisation on professional performers?
1. Receive high income - sport and sponsors.
2. Successful results --> winning is important as they're paid for it.
3. Can be put under pressure to perform when injured.
4. Must specialise in a sport --> dedication, self-sacrifice.
5. Suffer from lack of privacy.
62
What are the effects of commercialisation on sport?
1. Rules and scoring systems changed to reduce bored and speed up games - multi-ball system in football.
2. Breaks for sponsors to advertise.
3. Increased use of technology --> better experience for viewer like stump cam in cricket.
4. Women receive less coverage --> less money to reinvest and role models.
63
Reasons why companies invest large amounts of money into sport.
1. Increased sales and profit.
2. Increases brand awareness.
3. Associates with healthy image of sport.
4. Can decrease amount of tax -- tax relief.
64
What is globalisation?
Process whereby nations are increasingly being linked together.
via improvements in communication and transport.
65
How is globalisation seen in sport?
1. Sponsorship of events - e.g., Coca-Cola is a universal sponsor.
2. Players recruited for teams abroad.
3. Spreading of different sports to new nations.
66
What is social media?
Online apps and websites which allow users to share content and interact.
67
Impacts of social media on sport.
1. More are getting their sport news from twitter and facebook.
2. Top sport performers involved in social media to create connect, promote and communicate.
3. Youtube used to help athletes achieve their goals - get scouted.
68
Define society.
An organised group of people associated for a specific purpose or common interest.
69
Define socialisation.
Members of society learn its norms, values and ideas in order to take their place in society.
70
What is primary socialisation?
Early years of childhood --> immediate family.
Internalisation occurs.
Physical exercise = family commitment and time to be together.
71
What is internalisation?
The learning of values or attitudes that are incorporated within yourself.
72
What is secondary socialisation?
Occurs as teens and adults --> other agencies like schools, friends.
73
What is gender socialisation?
When boys and girls learn behaviours and attitudes typical of their gender.
74
What is social control?
How people's thoughts, feelings and behaviour are regulated in social systems.
75
What are institutions?
Established organisations founded for religious, educational, professional or social purposes.
76
Examples of social control for gender appropriate behaviour in sport (women).
1. Mild disapproval from male partner may persuade certain activities that are 'socially accepted' like badminton over rugby or boxing.
2. Peers or media may pressure females to look 'feminine' (slim) instead of muscular development.
3. Women made feel guilty to leave young baby alone --> give up active leisure time.
77
What is social change?
An alteration in the social order of a society.
Institutions re-adjust to meet 'new needs' of groups in society.
78
What is This Girl Can?
A campaign launched by Sport England --> to increase women's participation in sport.
An example of campaign trying to bring about social change.
79
What are social issues?
Problems that may affect many people within a society.
80
What is inequality?
Unfair situation where resources or opportunities are unevenly distributed.
Gender, race, economic.
81
Inequalities in participation of sport.
MR MC
1. M oney (lack of)
2. Ro le models (lack of)
3. M yths/stereotypes
4. Confidence (lack of)
82
What is social stratification?
Social inequality where society is divided into different levels based on wealth and status.
83
Social stratification impact on sport.
Disposable income can influence
- the sport
- club
- equipment
- coaches
Golf and equestrian is expensive.
84
What is social class?
The group you associate with based on wealth, income, job, education, power, etc.
85
How does social class affect national curriculum PE and clubs?
Low-income families have poorer health like less nutritious food --> undermine their physical abilities.
Also less money to spend on equipment, coaching.
May need to carry out domestic responsibilities like looking after younger children = no time for clubs.
86
What is the social action theory?
Views sport as a production of relationships of people who share similar views.
People can intervene in social processes and change them.
87
What is progression?
Process of gradually developing towards a more advanced state.
88
What is the interactionist approach? Key aspects.
How individuals behave within a society.
Society is created and maintained through social interaction.
Sports are studied in terms of how they are created and giving meaning by people.
89
How is the interactionist approach helpful?
Helps understand how to:
1. Change sports to match identities of those playing it.
2. Make sport organisations more democratic and less hierarchically organised.
90
Define equal opportunities.
The right to access the same opportunities.
Regardless of race, age, sex, etc.
91
Define discrimination.
Unfair treatment of a person or minority group. Acting on prejudice.
92
Define prejudice.
To form an unfavourable opinion of an individual based on inadequate facts.
93
Define stereotyping.
Standardised image - simple generalisations about all members of a group.
94
Name and explain the 2 types of discrimination.
1. Overt - visible/ obvious like verbal racist abuse.
2. Covert - hidden/ less obvious like non-selection as captain due to race.
95
What are some benefits of raising participation levels?
1. Improve health and fitness --> mentally and physically + reduce strain on NHS.
2. Social benefits --> new friends and sense of community.
3. Higher levels of self-confidence.
4. Positive use of free time --> keep away of trouble and reduce crime.
5. Money spent on equipment/facilities --> jobs and benefits financially.
96
What are the barriers to participation.
TIME
T ime
I ncome
M otivation
E ducation (negative PE experiences)
97
Suggest some solutions to the barriers of participation.
Lack of time --> add physical activity to daily routine like walking to school.
Income --> choose cheaper activities with fewer equipment like running.
Motivation --> ask a friend to join in, join an exercise class.
Education --> youth clubs like Duke of Edinburgh.
98
What are the 3 main target groups to increase participation levels.
1. Women
2. Disabled people
3. Ethnic minorities
99
Define disability.
Impairment adversely affects performance.
May be physical, sensory or mental.
100
Disability sport can be ____ or ____.
Integrated - disabled and able-bodied sport together like London marathon.
Segregated - disabled and able seperated.
101
Common barriers disabled people face.
1. Negative self-image
2. Low income levels
3. Lack of access to facilities.
4. Low levels of media coverage/few role models.
5. Myths/stereotypes - 'low capability'
102
Range of solutions to decrease the effects of barriers for disabled people.
1. Provide more opportunities for success.
2. Provide better facilities with easier access.
3. Increase media coverage and promote role models.
4. Educating people on stereotypes and challenge attitudes.
5. Training more specialist coaches - setting up more clubs.
103
Define race.
THe physical characteristics of an individual.
104
Define racism.
Set of beliefs based off someone's skin colour, language or cultural observance that gives some races superiority over others.
105
What are examples of racism in sport.
1. Stacking
2. Channeling
106
What is stacking?
Lack of ethnic minorities in certain positions in a sports team like captain.
More valued for athletic prowess than their decision-making/leadership.
107
What is channeling?
Ethnic minorities may be pushed into certain sports and positions.
e.g. Asians away from football into cricket.
108
What are some possible causes of under-representation of ethnic groups in sport.
1. Conflict with religion (e.g. Muslim women)
2. Higher value on education
3. Fear of racism
4. Fewer role models especially in managerial positions
5. Fear of rejection/ low self-esteem
109
What are some possible solutions to racial disavantage in sport.
1. Training more ethnic minority coaches, teachers.
2. Ensuring there are single-sex provision for Muslim women,
3. Publicising and punishing any racist abuse.
4. Campaigns like Kick it Out
110
Define gender.
Biological aspect of a person.
111
Define sexism.
Belief that one sex is inferior to the other.
112
What are some barriers for under-represenation of women in sport?
1. Stereotypical myths - e.g. women lack aggression for rugby.
2. Less media coverage
3. Fewer positive role models
4. Fewer sponsorship opportunities
5. Lack of leisure time from work, traditional childcare.
6. Lack of disposable income.
113
What are some possible solutions for under-representation of women in sport?
1. Encourage greater social acceptance of women having jobs.
2. Encourage shared domestic responsibilities.
3. Increase media coverage
4. Increase sponsorship.
5. Provide more opportunities to join and participate.
6. Make changing rooms and sport facilities clean and attractive.
114
What are the socio-cultural factors on why football is more popular than netball for women.
1. Increased media coverage for football like Women's world cup.
2. More opportunities in PE programmes.
3. More football clubs to join.
4. Rejection of stereotypes for contact sport.
