Musculoskeletal System - A.A&P Flashcards
What are articulating bones?
Bones that meet and move at the joint.
Examples of articulating bones.
Elbow (3)
Shoulder (2)
Hip (3)
Knee (2)
Ankle (3)
Elbow - humerus, ulna, radius
Shoulder - scapula, humerus
Hip - Pelvis, femur head
Knee - femur, tibia
Ankle - tibia, fibula, talus
Examples of ball and socket joints.
Characteristics.
Shoulder and hip.
Can move away and towards body.
Can rotate.
Most moveable joint.
Examples of hinge joints.
Characteristics.
Elbow, knee and ankle.
Can move only in 1 direction.
What is extension?
Sporting example.
Which joints.
Increase in joint angle around a joint /straightening of the joint.
Shot put.
Elbow and knee.
What is flexion?
Sporting example.
Which joints.
Decrease in join angle around a joint / bending.
Netball shot (preparation phase).
Elbow and knee.
What is hyper-extension?
Sporting example.
Which joints.
Increasing the angle beyond 180 degrees between the bones and a joint.
Cricket overarm throw.
Hip and shoulder.
What is adduction?
Sporting example.
Which joints.
Movement towards the midline of the body.
Breaststroke.
Shoulder and hip.
What is abduction?
Sporting example.
Which joints.
Movement away from the midline of the body.
Baseball pitch.
Shoulder and hip.
What is horizontal adduction?
Sporting example.
Which joints.
Movement of the arm forward across the body at 90 degrees rotation.
Volleyball receive.
Shoulder.
What is horizontal abduction?
Sporting example.
Which joints.
Movement of the arm backwards across the body to shoulder abduction.
Rings or drawing back in tennis forehand swing.
Shoulder.
What is plantar-flexion?
Sporting example.
Which joints.
Pointing the toes/pushing up on your toes.
Ballet or pointing toes in gymnastics.
Ankle.
What is dorsi-flexion?
Sporting example.
Which joints.
Pulling the toes up to the shin.
Running (lifting foot).
Ankle.
What are the 3 planes and axis combinations?
Sporting examples.
- Frontal Plane and Sagittal Axis
Cartwheel or goalkeeper save in football. - Sagittal Plane and Transverse Axis
Tennis forehand or football kick. - Transverse Plane and Longitudinal Axis
Discuss throw or netball pivot.
What are the 3 types of planes? Explain.
- Frontal - divides the front and back of the body vertically.
- Sagittal - divides the left and right side vertically.
- Transverse - divides the top and bottom horizontally.
What are the 3 types of axis? Explain.
- Sagittal - runs from front to back.
- Transverse - side to side across the body.
- Top to bottom.
What is an agonist?
The muscle that contracts.
What is an antagonist?
The muscle that relaxes.
Examples of antagonistic pairs.
Biceps and triceps.
Hip flexors and gluteals.
Hamstrings and quadriceps.
Tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius.
What is an isotonic contraction?
When a muscle changes in length.
What are the two types of isotonic contractions?
Sporting examples.
- Concentric - muscle shortens in under tension.
e.g., upward phase of an arm curl. - Eccentric - muscle lengthens under tension and acts like a brake.
e.g., landing from a jump.
What is an isometric contraction?
Acting with or against resistance.
Sporting examples.
Muscle contracts without changing length = no movement.
Muscle is acting against resistance.
e.g., plank, crucifix position in rings, scrum in rugby.
