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PE A-level > Cardiovascular System - A.A&P > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System - A.A&P Flashcards

1
Q

What is the vena cava and function

A

A large vein - carries deoxygenated blood to the right atrium from body.

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2
Q

What is the aorta and function

A

Large artery - carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to body.

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3
Q

Function of the pulmonary vein

A

Collects oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium.

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4
Q

Function of the pulmonary artery

A

Collects deoxygenated blood from right ventricle to the lungs.

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5
Q

What are valves?

A

Ensures blood moves in one direction. Open to allow blood to pass through then close to prevent backflow.

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6
Q

What are the 7 steps to the cardiac conduction system?

A
  1. Beat starts in the heart muscle with an electric impulse in the sinoatrial node.
  2. Spreads as a wave of excitation.
  3. Spreads through the atria walls - atrial systole - contract and force blood into ventricles.
  4. Impulse passes through atrioventricular node (in septum). Delays for 0.1 seconds to allow atria to fully contract.
  5. Passes through the bundle of his.
  6. Splits into 2 branches.
  7. Impulse reaches purkinjie fibres causing ventricles to contract so blood is pumped out - ventricular systole.
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7
Q

What is the neutral control mechanism?
Two systems
Controlled by —
Then controlled by —–
Stimulated by —– —- —-

A

Nervous system contains central (brain/spinal cord) and peripheral (nerves).

Both controlled by Cardiac Control Centre.
Medulla Oblongata controls CCC.

CCC stimulated by baroreceptors, proprioceptors and chemoreceptors.

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8
Q

What are chemoreceptors?

A

Sense chemical change.
Exercise = more CO2
Send impulse to medulla –> through sympathetic NS —> SA node –> increase heart rate.

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9
Q

What are baroreceptors?

A

Detect changes in blood pressure.
Increase/Decrease in set point.

Increase in blood pressure = more stretch of the baroreceptors = decrease in heart rate.

Medulla –> parasympathetic NS –> SA node to decrease heart rate.

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10
Q

What are proprioceptors?

A

Detects changes in muscle movement and body position.

Start of exercise = detects more muscle movement.
Proprioceptors –> medulla –> sympathetic NS —> SA node to increase heart rate.

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11
Q

What is the hormonal control mechanism?

A

Release of adrenaline –> SA node stimulated —> more force and faster contractions = more O2 blood pumped to working muscles.

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12
Q

What is adrenaline?

A

A stress hormone released during exercise by the sympathetic and cardiac nerves to increase heart rate.

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13
Q

Define heart rate.

A

Number of times the heart beats per minute.

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14
Q

Define stroke volume.

A

Volume of blood pumped out of the ventricles in each contraction.

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15
Q

Define cardiac output.

Fit vs normal person’s CO

A

Volume of blood pumped out of the ventricles in a minute (SV x HR = CO)

Trained and untrained person have same CO at rest.
Maximum CO differs.

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16
Q

3 factors that increase stroke volume

A
  1. Venous return - amount of blood returning to the heart.
    More blood returns, more blood pumped out (Starling’s Law).
  2. Elasticity of cardiac fibres - greater stretch, greater force.
    Greater force of contraction = increase ejection fraction (Starling’s Law).
  3. Contractility of cardiac tissue - greater = greater force of contraction = forces all blood out.
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17
Q

What is Starling’s Law

A

Increased venous return –>
Greater diastolic filling of the heart –>
Cardiac muscle stretched –>
More force of contraction –>
Increased ejection fraction (and SV)

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18
Q

What is ejection fraction?

A

The % of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per beat.

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19
Q

What is maximum heart rate?

A

220 - age

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20
Q

What is the anticipatory rise?
(heart-rate response to exercise)

A

Increase in heart rate at the start of exercise due to the release of adrenaline.

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21
Q

Define health

A

Social, mental and physical well-being.

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22
Q

Define fitness

A

The ability to meed with the demands of the environment.

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23
Q

How does improved fitness benefit an individual’s health? (3 ways)

A
  1. Reduce weight/obesity
  2. Strengthen heart/reduces chance of heart attack
  3. Improves social/physical/mental well-being
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24
Q

Negative lifestyles and impact on health (examples)

A
  1. Smoking - reduce lung capacity, more prone to lung cancer.
  2. Alcohol/drugs - damages liver
  3. Over-training - long term injury
  4. Lack of sleep - fatigue and stress
  5. Lack of exercise - obesity, reduced flexibility
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25
Q

What is Atherosclerosis / how is heart disease caused?

What is atheroma?

A

Coronary heart disease occurs when coronary arteries are blocked or narrowed by fatty deposits (atheroma).

From lack of exercise, high blood pressure, smoking, etc.

26
Q

What is angina?

A

the pain and discomfort from not having enough oxygen to the heart.

27
Q

What is blood pressure?

A

The force exerted by the blood against the blood vessel wall.

28
Q

What is the risk of having high blood pressure?

A

Puts extra strain on the arteries and if left untreated, can cause heart attacks, heart failure, stroke.

29
Q

What is systolic pressure?

A

Pressure inside the artery when the heart is contracting to pump blood.

30
Q

What is diastolic pressure?

A

Pressure inside the artery once the heart is resting between beats.

31
Q

What is cholesterol?

What are the 2 types?

Role of exercise on cholesterol?

A

Cholesterol is a type of fat found in the blood.

Low Density Lipoproteins and High Density lLipoproteins.

Regular exercise lowers bad LDL and increases good HDL levels.

32
Q

What are LDL?

A

Transport cholesterol to tissues and are ‘bad’. Increase likelihood of heart disease.

33
Q

What are HDL?

A

Transport excess cholesterol back to the liver to be broken down.
‘Good’ as they lower risk of heart disease.

34
Q

What is a stroke and how is it caused?

A

Brain injury, disability or death as blood supply to the brain is cut off causing brain cells to die.

35
Q

What is a ischaemic stroke?

A

Most common - blood clot stops blood supply.

36
Q

What is a haemorrhagic stroke?

A

Occurs when a weakened blood vessel supplying the brain bursts.

37
Q

What is a steady state?

A

When the athlete is able to meet the oxygen demand with the oxygen supply.

38
Q

What is the cardiovascular drift?

When does it occur?

A

Progressive decrease in stroke volume and ejection fraction but an increase in heart rate.

Occurs after 10 minutes of exercise.

39
Q

Why does the cardiovascular drift matter?

A
  1. HR increases to increase skin blood flow to lower body temperature.
  2. Blood plasma decreases as fluid is lost as sweat which lowers body temperature.
  3. Cardiac output increases as more energy is needed to cool down the body.
40
Q

What is the vascular system?

A

Blood vessels that carry oxygen and nutrients around the body.
Remove waste products and supply oxygen to muscles.

41
Q

What is the pulmonary circulation?

What is the systemic circulation?

A

Deoxygenated blood from heart –> lungs –> oxygenated blood –> heart.

Oxygenated blood from heart –> body –> deoxygenated blood —> heart.

42
Q

What are the 5 blood vessels in the vascular system (in order)?

A

Heart –> arteries –> arterioles –> capillaries –> venules –> veins –> heart.

43
Q

What are arteries, veins and capillaries + their structure differences?

A

Arteries - carries oxygenated blood from heart to body.
- High pressure
- Thicker muscle/elastic layers to cope with pressure
- Smaller lumen

Veins - carries deoxygenated blood back to the heart.
- Low pressure
- Have thinner muscle layers
- Valves to prevent back flow
- Wider lumen

Capillaries - allows blood from arteries to flow in.
- One cell thick; only one red blood cell passes at a time –> to allow diffusion.

44
Q

How is high blood pressure caused?

A
  1. Overweight
  2. High sodium
  3. Lacking fruits and vegetables
    4.High alcohol
  4. Not exercising
45
Q

Methods of assessing blood pressure?

A
  1. Mercury cuff around arm
  2. Electronic measuring device
46
Q

How does blood pressure fluctuate (differ) ?

A
  1. Increases and decreases with body size.
  2. Differs across nationalities.
  3. Increases as we age.
  4. Increases when stressed.
47
Q

What are mechanisms that help venous return. Name and explain.

A
  1. Skeletal Muscle Pump - when muscles contract, they press on nearby veins to squeeze blood back to the heart.
  2. Respiratory Pump - increased breathing rate –> thoracic (chest) pressure changes –> press on nearby veins –> blood returns.
  3. Gravity
  4. Pocket valves - prevents back flow.
48
Q

What is the impact of blood pressure on venous return?

A

Increasing systolic pressure = increase in venous return.

Decreasing systolic pressure = decrease in venous return.

49
Q

What are haemoglobin?

A

Iron-containing pigment found in red blood cells.
Combines with O2 for oxyhaemoglobin.

50
Q

What is myoglobin?

A

Iron-containing muscle pigment in slow-twice fibres.
Stores O2 so it can be used quickly when exercising.

51
Q

What is oxyhaemoglolin disassociation?

What is the curve for?

A

Release of O2 from oxyhaemoglobin.

Represents the relationship between O2 and haemoglobin.
At rest, haemoglobin saturation with O2 is low (13%).

52
Q

What is the Bohr shift?

A

The ‘S’ shaped curve shifting to the right.
Results of an increase in blood CO2 and decrease in blood pH = dissociation of O2 from haemoglobin occurs more readily.

53
Q

Causes of the Bohr Shift? (4)

(Factors responsible for the increase in the dissociation of O2 from haemoglobin to myoglobin)

A
  1. Exercise increases blood temperature.
  2. Exercise causes increased blood CO2.
  3. More CO2 will lower blood pH.
  4. Increase in hydrogen ions.
54
Q

Distribution of blood is for ____ ?

A

Skeletal muscles require more O2 during exercise, so more blood must be redirected to it.

55
Q

Vascular Shunt Mechanism - Redistribution of Blood.

Where does blood go during exercise and where is it less important?

A
  1. Heart - as it needs more O2 to beat faster and with more force.
  2. Muscles - to meet energy demand and remove waste products like CO2.
  3. Skin - energy needed to cool down the body.
  4. Brain - blood supply must be constant as O2 is needed for energy to maintain brain functions.

Less important in digestive system = less blood towards there.

56
Q

What is vasodilation?
How it redistributes blood.

A

Widening.
Blood vessels widen to increase blood flow into the capillaries.

57
Q

What is vasoconstriction?
How it redistributes blood.

A

Narrowing.
Blood vessels become narrow to reduce blood flow into the capillaries.

58
Q

What is the role of pre-capillary sphincters in the redistribution of blood?

A

Opening and closing is controlled by the pre-capillary sphincters.

Contract to narrow down vessels, relax to increase blood flow.

59
Q

What is A-VO2 Difference / Arterio-Venous?

A

The difference between the volume of O2 in the arteries and veins.
Plus, the difference between oxygen content of arterial and venous blood.

60
Q

A-VO2 Difference following the onset of exercise?

A
  1. It increases (as more O2 is needed by muscles).
  2. Venus blood has less O2 to return to heart.

PE A-level (12 decks)

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