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Zoology > Sponges > Flashcards

Sponges Flashcards

1
Q

Are sponges unicellular or multicellular?

A

Multicellular

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2
Q

What are sponges?

A

Colonies of feeding cells

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3
Q

Most habitats that sponges are found in are…

A

Marine

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4
Q

T/F: Some sponges can be found in some freshwater habitats

A

True!

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5
Q

What is feeding mode?

A

Active filtering using cilia to create water flow (through filter pumps)

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6
Q

What is growth form?

A

Upright or encrusted on solid substrates

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7
Q

Sponges’ phylum is called what?

A

Porifera

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8
Q

Are sponges true animals?

A

Sort of. They are known as Parazoa while all other animals are referred to as Eumetazoa

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9
Q

T/F: Sponges have organs, sensory systems and tissues

A

False! They have none of these

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10
Q

Sponges have ___________ cells

A

Specialized

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11
Q

T/F: Individual cells cannot survive independently

A

False! They totally can

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12
Q

Sponges are considered as an _____________ link between colonial protozoans and the eumetazoans in regards to _________ structure and Ribosomal RNA ___________.

A
  1. Evolutionary
  2. Physical
  3. Analysis
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13
Q

FITB: Fossils of sponges date back to the early __________ period

A

Cambrian

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14
Q

T/F: Sponges have an intermediate stage in specialization, complexity, and functional anatomy

A

True!

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15
Q

Sponges are built to create a ________ _____ through the body in order to filter food from the water

A

Water flow

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16
Q

What is food?

A

Organic particles & living plankton within an appropriate size range

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17
Q

FITB: Mass of cells embedded in gelatinous __________ supported by rigid _______ and protein fibers (_______ and spongin)

A
  1. Mesohyl
  2. Spicules
  3. Collagen
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18
Q

Pinacocytes are what type of cells?

A

Skin

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19
Q

Choanocytes are filtering ________ cells

A

Collar

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20
Q

Archaeocytes are ______ and have many __________

A
  1. Ameboid
  2. Functions
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21
Q

Water enters through multiple ________

A

Ostia

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22
Q

Ostia passes through porocytes and other canals to central spongocoel, and exits through ________

A

Osculum

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23
Q

Water flow through sponges is driven by flagella of the __________ cells

A

Choanocytes

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24
Q

What type of shape do sponges have?

A

Spherical

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25
Q

Increasing complexity probably indicates…. ?

A

Increasing filtering efficiency

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26
Q

The simplest type of sponge is called a __________

A

Asconoid

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27
Q

The second simplest type of sponge is called a ________

A

Synconoid

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28
Q

The most complex type of sponge is called a ____________

A

Leuconoid

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29
Q

What type of symmetry do sponges have? (2 options)

A
  1. Radial (cylindrical)
  2. Asymmetrical
30
Q

What body plans in sponges have radial symmetry?
Hint: A_______oid & Sy_______noid

A
  1. Asconoid
  2. Synconoid
31
Q

A sponge’s skeleton is made of ______ fibrils and ________

A
  1. Collagen
  2. Spicules
32
Q

T/F: Leuconoid “bath sponges” do not secrete a form of collagen traditionally known as spongin

A

False! They do!

33
Q

T/F: Leuconoid bath sponges have spicules

A

False! They do not

34
Q

T/F: Spicules are secreted by specialized cells in the mesohyl

A

True

35
Q

FITB: Spicules are made of ______ or _________ __________ depending on the species

A
  1. Silica
  2. Calcium Carbonate
36
Q

T/F: Spicules are not made of mineral material and are living

A

False; they are made of mineral material and they are non-living

37
Q

Choanocytes are _______ collar cells

A

Flagellated

38
Q

T/F: Choanocytes are structurally and genetically similar to choanoflagellate protozoans

A

True!

39
Q

What are Pinacocytes?

A

Epithelial-like cells on exterior and some interior surfaces; some are contractile

40
Q

Archeocytes are what?

A

Amoeboid cells in the mesohyl; ingest food; can differentiate into other cell types

41
Q

Sclerocyte cells secrete what non-living structure?

A

Spicules

42
Q

Spongocyte cells secrete what material?

A

Spongin

43
Q

Collencytes secrete what?

A

Collagen

44
Q

TOT: In digestion intracellular processes, collar cells take in/get rid of food to food vacuoles

A

Take in

45
Q

Respiration and excretion is done via what process?
Hint: Moving from a higher gradient to a lower gradient

A

Diffusion

46
Q

TOT: Contractile vacuoles present in archaeocytes and choanocytes are found in marine/freshwater sponges?

A

Freshwater

47
Q

What are the 2 types of asexual reproduction that occur in sponges called?
1. ______ formation
2. _________ followed by regeneration

A
  1. Bud
  2. Fragmentation
48
Q

What are the 2 types of buds called?
1. _________ buds
2. _________ (also known as internal buds)

A
  1. External
  2. Gemmules
49
Q

What are the 2 main functions of a gemmule?

A
  1. Resistant life stage with a protective covering
  2. Can survive through adverse environmental conditions
50
Q

Are most sponges monoecious or dioecious?

A

Monoecious (everything in 1 house)

51
Q

What does monoecious mean?

A

Sponges that have both male and female sex cells in one individual

52
Q

T/F: Sperm cells are not transformed choanocytes

A

False; they are!

53
Q

What are Oocytes?

A

Egg cells

54
Q

T/F: Oocyte egg cell origins vary among species

A

True!

55
Q

What method is used for sexual reproduction for sponges (typically)?

A

Broadcast Fertilization

56
Q

Broadcast fertilization occurs when most species take in _______ from exterior and fertilize internally, larva hatches internally

A

Sperm

57
Q

T/F: Other species broadcast (sexually reproduce) through both sperm and oocytes

A

True!

58
Q

Zygotes (fertilized egg cells) hatch into parenchymula (solid-bodied _______), which swims and settles elsewhere

A

Larva

59
Q

Inversion sexual reproduction: After fertilization, hollow ___________ forms, then inverts to become amphiblastula

A

Blastula

60
Q

What are the 3 main classes of sponges?

A
  1. Calcarea
  2. Hexactinellida
  3. Demospongiae
61
Q

Out of the 3 main types of sponges, which one is the most diverse?
A. Calcarea
B. Hexactinellida
C. Demospongiae

A

C

62
Q

T/F: Demospongiae have calcium carbonate

A

False

63
Q

T/F: Demospongiae have silicious spicules, spongin, or both

A

True

64
Q

Demospongiae includes the only family of marine/freshwater sponges?

A

Freshwater; however most Demospongiae are marine

65
Q

T/F: The Leuconoid canal system is found in the Demospongiae group and is very diverse in many ways

A

True!

66
Q

Calcarea have calcareous _________

A

Spicules

67
Q

T/F: The Class Calcarea includes species with asconoid, syconoid, and leuconoid canal systems

A

True

68
Q

T/F: The Class Calcarea are the only extant (opposite of extinct) class with the asconoid canal system

A

True

69
Q

T/F: The Class Hexactinellida is not structurally different from the other two classes

A

False!

70
Q

Is the Class Hexactinellida six-rayed siliceous spicules fused into a rigid structure flexible/not flexible?

A

Not flexible

71
Q

The Class Hexactinellida body consists of a continuous _______ tissue, with other cell types enclosed

A

Syncytial

Zoology (13 decks)

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