Spleen Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the spleen located in the body

A

In the left hypochondrium
Convex surface resting on diaphragm
visceral surface in contact with the stomach and left kidney

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2
Q

Normal weight of the spleen

A

150 g to 250 g

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3
Q

What is the length of the spleen

A

5 cm to 13 cm

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4
Q

What is an accessory spleen

A

Small nodule of splenic tissue found apart from the main body of the spleen

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5
Q

Percentage of population with accessory spleen

A

10%

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6
Q

When is the spleen palpable

A

When size over 14 cm

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7
Q

From where does the blood enter spleen

A

From the splenic artery which divides into the trabecular arteries and give rise to Central arterioles

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8
Q

Why is arterioles ends in the spleen unique

A

Because they form cords which lack endothelial lining which creates an open blood system with lose reticular connective tissue network lined by fibroblasts and macrophages

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9
Q

How is blood drawn from the spleen

A

Enters venous sinuses which goes into splenic vein and get back to general circulation

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10
Q

Percentage of red pulp in spleen

A

75%

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11
Q

What forms the red pulp

A

The cords and sinuses

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12
Q

What is the function of the Red pulp

A

Monitoring integrity of red blood cells

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13
Q

What is the white pulp

A

Lymphatic tissue surrounding central arterioles

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14
Q

What is the periarteriolar lymphoid sheath

A

It’s a Sheath that is found around the central material which contains T cells

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15
Q

Immune cells found in the white pulp

A

B cells

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16
Q

Which zones are rich in macrophages and dendritic cells

A

The marginal and the perifollicular zones

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17
Q

How fast is rapid blood circulation in the spleen

A

1 or 2 minutes

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18
Q

How slow is slow blood circulation through the spleen

A

30 to 60 minutes

19
Q

Major functions of the spleen

A

Filtration of red cells
Quality control of red cells
Capture and destruction of blood-borne pathogens
Generation of adaptive immune responses

20
Q

Should you worry if there’s enlarged spleen

A

Yes

21
Q

Where do you feel “regular” splenomegaly

A

Under left costal margin

22
Q

How far can you expect a massive splenomegaly to be felt

A

As far as the right iliac fossa

23
Q

Hematological causes of splenomegaly

A
Chronic myeloid leukemia
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Acute leukemia
Malignant lymphoma
Primary myelofibrosis
Polycythemia vera
Hairy cell leukemia
Thalassemia major or intermedia
Sickle cell disease
Hemolytic anemia’s
Megaloblastic anemia
24
Q

Causes of splenomegaly in portal hypertension

A

Cirrhosis

Hepatic or portal or splenic vein thrombosis

25
Q

Storage disease causes of splenomegaly

A

Gauche disease
Niemann pick disease
Histocytosis x

26
Q

InfectiousCauses of. Splenomegaly

A
Acute septicemia 
acute bacterial endocarditis
 Acute typhoid 
Acute infectious mononucleosis 
chronic tuberculosis 
Chronic brucellosis 
chronic syphilis 
chronic malaria 
chronic leishmaniasis 
Clinic schistosomiasis
27
Q

Systemic disease causing splenomegaly

A
Sarcoidosis 
amyloidosis 
collagen disease
 systemic lupus erythematosus
Rheumatoid arthritis 
systemic mastocytosis
28
Q

Percentage of total red cell mess present in the spleen

A

5% or 30 to 70 mL

29
Q

Portion of total marginating neutrophil pool in the spleen

A

Half

30
Q

Percentage of platelet mass in the spleen

A

30%

31
Q

Percentages of Retsil mess and platelets in an enlarged spleen

A

Can go up to 40% of red cell mass and 90% of platelets mass

32
Q

What is Hypersplenism

A

Clinical syndrome with no specific causal mechanism but with an enlarged spleen with reduction of one or more cell lines in peripheral blood and normal or hyperplastic cellularity of the bone marrow

33
Q

How do you confirm hypersplenism

A

By response to splenectomy

34
Q

How do you treat Hypersplenism

A

Treat underlying cause of Hypersplenism or splenomegaly

Splenectomy shen severe anemia or benefits outweigh the risks

35
Q

What are the risks of splenectomy

A

Sepsis

Thrombophilia

36
Q

What is Hyposplenism

A

Medical condition Occurring due to the range of medical conditions or splenectomy

37
Q

What conditions are associated with congenital absence of the spleen

A

Oregon transposition or severe malformations of the heart and lungs

38
Q

What are some common causes of Hyposplenism

A

Asplenia Due to sickle cell anemia by one year of age and auto infarction at 6 years of age
Congenital absence of the spleen
Atrophy of the spleen by 65 years of age

Splenectomy 
sickle cell disease 
essential thrombocythemia 
adult gluten induced enteropathy
 dermatitis herpetiformis 
Amyloidosis
Rarely inflammatory bowel disease 
splenic arterial thrombosis
39
Q

What is the risk of hyposplenism for patients

A

Increased risk of infection especially by strep pneumonia ,Haemophilus influenza type B , Neisseria meningitides

Severe form of malaria

40
Q

Red cells features in Hyposplenism

A
Target cells 
Acanthocytes
Irregularly contracted or crenated cells
Howell jolly bodies 
Siderotic granules
Pappenheimer bodies
41
Q

White cell features of Hyposplenism

A

Miles lymphocytosis

monocytosis

42
Q

Platelets features of Hyposplenism

A

Thrombocytosis

43
Q

What prevention measures must be taken by patients with Hyposplenism

A

Information about susceptibility to infection
carry cards about condition
prophylactic oral penicillin
erythromycin if patient allergic to penicillin
vaccination against pneumococcus Haemophilus meningococcus influenza