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Kinesiology > Spine And Pelvis > Flashcards

Spine And Pelvis Flashcards

1
Q

Spinal column vertebrae order

A
  • cervical = 7
  • thoracic = 12
  • lumbar = 5
  • sacral = 5 (fused)
  • coccygeal = 4 (fused)
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2
Q

Spinal column

A
  • segments vary in shape and size depending on location and purpose
  • spine acts a a spring = curves shrink and expand with exerted forces
  • provides stability
  • kyphosis
  • lordosis
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3
Q

Kyphosis

A

Anterior curves
(Back bending forwards)

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4
Q

Lordosis

A

Posterior curves
(Back bending towards backwards)

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5
Q

Joints

A
  • atlanto-occipital joint
  • atlantoaxial joint
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6
Q

Atlanto-occipital joint

A
  • interface between skull and spinal column (C1-atlas)
  • provides initial movements for flexion and extension
  • “yes” joint
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7
Q

Atlantoaxial joint

A
  • joint between C1 (atlas) and C2 (axis)
  • supplies much of the movement for rotation
  • “no” joint
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8
Q

Movements of trunk

A
  • flexion/extension
  • rotation
  • lateral flexion
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9
Q

Movements of neck

A
  • flexion/extension
  • rotation
  • lateral flexion
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10
Q

Typical ROM of neck flexion

A

45 degrees

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11
Q

Typical ROM of neck extension

A

45 degrees

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12
Q

Typical ROM of neck lateral flexion

A

60 degrees

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13
Q

Typical ROM of neck rotation

A

45 degrees

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14
Q

Clinical implications of the spine

A
  • radiculopathy
  • rib fractures
  • core stability
  • hypertonia
  • hypotonia
  • safe patient handling
  • rest and sleep
  • hemiparesis
  • spinal injuries
  • spinal cord injury
  • adaptive equipment
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15
Q

Radiculopathy

A
  • nerve root compression resulting from narrowing of intervertebral foramen
  • can occur with fractures, osteoarthritis (OA), or thinning of intervertebral disks
  • leads to sensorimotor deficits in muscles/dermatome of nerve root
  • you see partial paralysis with bulging or herniated disks (can lead to numbness, tingling, shooting pain)
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16
Q

Rib fractures

A
  • can result from motor vehicle accident (MVA) or fall
  • mild fractures will heal on their own as they are held in place by intercostals muscles
  • severe fractures may impact lungs or other vital organs
    • require surgical intervention
    • will impact respiration
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17
Q

Core stability

A
  • important motor component of occupation engagement
  • infant = trunk control facilitates crawling
  • adult = lifting heavy objects
  • older adult = functional mobility
  • hypertonia
  • hypotonia
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18
Q

Hypertonia

A
  • increased tone (often patients with cerebral palsy)
  • stiff, rigid muscles, joint contractures, and spasms
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19
Q

Hypotonia

A
  • decreased tone
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20
Q

Safe patient handling

A
  • lifting from your legs = helps avoid shearing forces
  • staggering your stance = produces force from the legs
  • engaging your core = allows for increased lumbar spine stability with increased abdominal pressure
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21
Q

Rest and sleep

A
  • important to keep head, shoulders, and neck aligned
  • sleeping on your back with knees supported is recommended
  • stomach sleeping = place pillow under pelvis (still involve excessive neck rotation)
  • side sleeping = place pillow between knees
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22
Q

Hemiparesis

A
  • can occur from cerebro vascular accident (CVA) or traumatic brain injury (TBI)
  • abnormal muscle tone, weakness, and paralysis
  • can lead to vestibular, visual, or somatosensory issues
  • may never return based on injury
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23
Q

Spinal injuries

A
  • can occur from improper lifting, traumatic injury, age related changes
  • interventions = fusion, laminectomy (a kind of spinal surgery)
  • spinal injuries can lead to spinal cord injuries (SCIs)
24
Q

Interventions of spinal injuries

A
  • fusion
  • laminectomy (a kind of spinal surgery)
25
Q

Spinal cord injury

A
  • high impact trauma (MVA, diving)
  • shearing injury = sudden impact to your spine
  • injury blocks transmission of neurological signals from brain to body
26
Q

Interventions of rib fractures

A
  • if very severe, surgery
27
Q

Adaptive equipment (AE)

A
  • spinal precautions = no bending, lifting, or twisting (BLT)
  • adaptive equipments can assist in ADL/IADL independence
  • those with SCIs may not have feeling or use of muscles in lower extremity
28
Q

Precautions of spine

A
  • no bending
  • no lifting
  • no twisting
    (BLT)
29
Q

Pelvis

A
  • stable base of support for head, arms, and trunk
  • requires balance to maintain symmetry of entire body
  • starting point for evaluation positioning
  • anterior tilt = pelvis tilted forwards
  • posterior tilt = pelvis tilted backwards
  • anatomical position is tilted anteriorly
  • formed by joints between two hip bones and the sacrum = sacroiliac joint
30
Q

Sacroiliac joint (SI)

A
  • formed by two hip bones and the sacrum
  • designed to stabilize pelvis
  • has limited mobility
31
Q

Bony landmarks and additional structures of pelvis

A
  • ilium
  • ischium
  • pubis
  • the hip bones join together to form the acetabulum
  • connected via SI joint and pubic symphysis
  • anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)
  • posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS)
  • ischial tuberosity
32
Q

Acetabulum

A
  • formed by ilium, ischium, and pubis
  • a socket for the femoral head
33
Q

Ischial tuberosity

A
  • primary point of pelvic contact with a seating surface
34
Q

Pelvic floor

A
  • interior wall of pelvic cavity
  • openings for structures to pass through = urogenital and anorectal
  • controlled by surrounding sphincter muscles that regulate urination and defecation
  • damage to those muscles can lead to incontinence (bowel or bladder) and issues relating to sexual intercourse and intimacy
35
Q

Clinical implications of pelvic floor

A
  • incontinence
  • stress incontinence
  • urge incontinence
  • pelvic organ prolapse
  • cystocoele
  • uterine prolapse
  • vaginal vault prolapse
  • enterocoele
  • rectocele
36
Q

Incontinence

A
  • loss of control of bowel or bladder
37
Q

Types of incontinence

A
  • stress incontinence
  • urge incontinence
38
Q

Stress incontinence

A
  • involuntary leaking of bowel/bladder due to increased abdominal pressure like coughing, sneezing, or exercise that engage your core
39
Q

Urge incontinence

A
  • inability to control bowel/bladder until an appropriate time for elimination
  • leakage occurs before the patient can make it to the bathroom
40
Q

Pelvic organ prolapse

A
  • pelvic floor weakness leads to herniation of the uterus, rectum, or vagina
  • can be caused by:
    • family history of prolapse
    • heavy lifting
    • vaginal delivery
    • menopause
    • obesity
    • chronic coughing
    • neurological diseases
  • physical symptoms:
    • bulging/pressure in vagina
    • feeling that something is falling out
    • pelvic pressure
    • urinary incontinence, UTI, pain, increased frequency of urination
    • difficult bowel movements
    • lower back ache
    • painful sexual intercourse
  • intervention:
    • surgical
    • pelvic floor exercise
41
Q

Physical symptoms of pelvic organ prolapse

A
  • bulging/pressure in vagina
  • feeling that something is falling out
  • pelvic pressure
  • urinary incontinence, UTI, pain, increased frequency of urination
  • difficult bowel movements
  • lower back ache
  • painful sexual intercourse
42
Q

Interventions of pelvic organ prolapse

A
  • surgical
  • pelvic floor exercise
43
Q

Types of pelvic organ prolapses

A
  • cystocoele
  • uterine prolapse
  • vaginal vault prolapse
  • enterocoele
  • rectocele
44
Q

Cystocoele

A
  • bladder falls into uterus
45
Q

Uterine prolapse

A
  • uterus drops into vagina
46
Q

Vaginal vault prolapse

A
  • top of vaginal falls into vaginal canal
  • tends to occur after hysterectomy (removal of uterus) because the uterus and overlies are removed, so there are not structures to hold up the vaginal vault
47
Q

Enterocoele

A
  • small bowel pushes against vagina
48
Q

Rectocele

A
  • rectal prolapse
  • a portion of rectum prolapses against vaginal canal which makes elimination of uterine harder because of compression in the urethra
49
Q

Clinical implications of the pelvis

A
  • ankylosis spondylitis
  • sciatica
  • pelvic alignment
  • pelvic fractures
50
Q

Ankylosing spondylitis

A
  • inflammatory condition of the spine that can lead to fusion of skeletal structures
  • can begin in sacroiliac joint (SI) and move to vertebrae
  • leads to immobility
  • interventions:
    • compensatory strategies
    • medication
    • rehabilitation
    • managing symptoms
51
Q

Interventions of ankylosing spondylitis

A
  • compensatory strategies
  • medication
  • rehabilitation
  • managing symptoms
52
Q

Sciatica

A
  • compression of sciatic nerve
  • caused by tightness in piriformis
  • compression of back leg
  • pain, paresthesia in legs
  • intervention:
    • stretching
    • activity modifications
53
Q

Interventions of sciatica

A
  • stretching
  • activity modifications
54
Q

Pelvic alignment

A
  • tilted anteriorly in anatomical position
  • want to look at tilt, rotation, and obliquity
  • rotation = one ASIS rotated in front of the other
  • obliquity = ASIS and PSIS in parallel line or one higher than the other
  • important for positioning
55
Q

Pelvic fractures

A
  • bladder, intestines, and kidneys can be affected due to close proximity
  • severe pelvic fractures may require surgical intervention and a period of non-weight bearing
56
Q

Interventions of pelvic fractures

A
  • surgery
  • period of non-weight bearing

Kinesiology (11 decks)

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