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Kinesiology > Elbow/Forearm > Flashcards

Elbow/Forearm Flashcards

1
Q

Bony landmarks and additional structures of elbow/forearm

A
  • medial and lateral epicondyles
  • differentiating between radius and ulna
  • ulnar head
  • volar/dorsal aspects of the forearm
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2
Q

ROM of elbow flexion

A
  • prime movers = brachialis, biceps brachii, brachioradialis
  • patient position = sitting with arm against side and forearm supinated
  • goniometer axis = lateral epicondyle
  • stationary arm = lateral midline of humerus
  • moving arm = midline of forearm
  • compensatory movement = scapular elevation, contralateral trunk flexion
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3
Q

Typical ROM of elbow flexion

A

0-150 degrees

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4
Q

Primer movers of elbow flexion

A
  • brachialis
  • biceps brachii
  • brachioradialis
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5
Q

ROM of elbow extension

A
  • prime movers = triceps brachii, anconeus
  • patient position = sitting with arm against side and forearm supinated in full flexion
  • goniometer axis = lateral epicondyle
  • stationary arm = lateral midline of humerus
  • moving arm = midline of forearm
  • compensatory movement = scapular retraction, lateral trunk flexion
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6
Q

Typical ROM of elbow extension

A

0-150 degrees

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7
Q

Primer movers of elbow extension

A
  • triceps brachii
  • anconeus
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8
Q

ROM of forearm pronation

A
  • prime movers = pronator teres, pronator quadratus
  • patient position = sitting with elbow flexed to 90 degrees and stabilized against trunk, forearm neutral (thumb up)
  • goniometer axis = adjacent to distal dorsal ulna
  • stationary arm = perpendicular to floor
  • moving arm = against dorsal aspect of distal radius/ulna (just proximal to ulnar head)
  • compensatory movement = shoulder abduction, shoulder internal rotation, contralateral trunk flexion
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9
Q

Typical ROM of forearm pronation

A

80 degrees

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10
Q

Primer movers of forearm pronation

A
  • pronator teres
  • pronator quadratus
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11
Q

ROM of forearm supination

A
  • prime movers = biceps brachii, supinator
  • patient position = sitting with elbow flexed to 90 degrees and stabilized against trunk, forearm in neutral
  • goniometer axis = adjacent to distal medial ulnar
  • stationary arm = perpendicular to the floor
  • moving arm = lying against volar aspect of distal radius/ulna (just proximal to ulnar head)
  • compensatory movement = shoulder adduction, shoulder external rotation, ipsilateral trunk flexion
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12
Q

MMT of elbow flexion

A
  • against gravity position = sitting with elbow flexed to 90 degrees and forearm supinated
  • stabilizing hand = superior aspect of shoulder girdle
  • resistive hand = distal forearm
  • force application = against flexion
  • gravity eliminated = sitting with arm supported on tabletop in 90 degrees shoulder abduction
  • stabilization = humerus against table top
  • palpation = brachialis and biceps brachii at anterior elbow
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13
Q

MMT of elbow extension

A
  • against gravity position = supine with shoulder flexed to 90 degrees and internally rotated, elbow flexed to 90 degrees
  • stabilizing hand = distal humerus supporting shoulder in flexed position
  • resistive hand = distal ulnar forearm
  • force application = against extension
  • gravity eliminated = sitting with arm supported on tabletop in 90 degrees shoulder abduction
  • stabilization = humerus against tabletop
  • palpation = triceps at posterior elbow
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14
Q

MMT of forearm pronation

A
  • against gravity position = sitting with elbow flexed to 90 degrees and stabilized against trunk, forearm neutral (thumb up)
  • stabilizing hand = lateral humerus stabilizing against trunk
  • resistive hand = medial distal forearm, fingers grasp ulna with base of palm resisting anterior aspect of radius
  • force application = against pronation
  • gravity eliminated = supine with elbow flexed to 90 degrees
  • stabilization = humerus against trunk
  • palpation = pronator teres at proximal aspect of radial forearm
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15
Q

MMT of forearm supination

A
  • against gravity position = sitting with elbow flexed to 90 degrees and stabilized against lateral trunk, forearm in neutral
  • stabilizing hand = lateral humerus stabilizing against trunk
  • resistive hand = lateral distal forearm, fingers grasp ulna with base of palm resisting posterior aspect of radius
  • force application = against supination
  • gravity eliminated = supine with elbow flexed to 90 degrees
  • stabilization = humerus against trunk
  • palpation = biceps brachii at anterior elbow
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16
Q

Clinical implications

A
  • elbow and self-care
  • elbow is the only joint that brings the hand closer to the body
  • Which occupations would limited elbow flexion inhibit?
  • Which occupations would limited pronation/supination inhibit?
  • cubital tunnel syndrome
  • ulnar collateral ligament injury
  • flexion contracture
  • cumulative trauma disorders
  • medial epicondylitis
  • lateral epicondylitis
17
Q

Cubital tunnel syndrome

A
  • causes numbness and tingling in ring and small fingers
  • occurs due to increased pressure and tension on ulnar nerve in the cubital when the elbow is flexed
  • persistent symptoms can lead to muscle atrophy and chronic symptoms
  • interventions = activity and environmental modification, minimizing elbow flexion in periods of rest and sleep, wraps/orthosis that discourage elbow flexion
18
Q

Ulnar collateral ligament injury

A
  • collateral ligaments stabilize the elbow
  • UCL plays a large role in throwing for baseball pitchers
  • forceful elongation of the UCL may lead to deformation resulting in a loss of velocity with pitching
  • interventions = Tommy John surgery
19
Q

Flexion contracture

A
  • after injury, elbow may have to be immobilize for healing
  • can also be caused by neurological conditions
  • can lead to shortening of soft tissues surrounding joint
  • flexion contractures cause limited AROM and PROM due to soft tissue restrictions
  • interventions = low prolonged stress to restore tissue length and joint mobility (static progressive orthoses)
20
Q

Cumulative trauma disorders (CTD)

A
  • two common types = medial and lateral epicondylitis
  • caused by repetitive musculoskeletal forces of digital flexion and extension
  • interventions = modification of workspace, activity modification, ergonomic evaluation, supportive bracing
21
Q

Medial epicondylitis

A
  • also known as golfer’s elbow
  • has to do with elbow flexion
22
Q

Lateral epicondylitis

A
  • also known as tennis elbow
  • has to do with elbow extension
23
Q

Typical ROM of forearm supination

A

80 degrees

24
Q

Primer movers of forearm supination

A
  • supinator
  • biceps brachii

Kinesiology (11 decks)

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