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Kinesiology > Introduction To Kinesiology > Flashcards

Introduction To Kinesiology Flashcards

1
Q

Kinesiology

A

The study of anatomy and mechanics related to human movement

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2
Q

Why is kinesiology important to occupational therapists?

A
  • occupations
  • occupational performance
  • functional mobility
  • activity analysis
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3
Q

Occupations

A

Everyday activities that people bring meaning and purpose to their life (ADLs, IADLs)

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4
Q

Occupational performance

A

Act of completing meaningful activities (assessing occupational performance and creating activity analysis

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5
Q

Functional mobility

A

Moving from one position or place to another

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6
Q

Activity analysis

A

Identification and evaluation of performance skills and patterns that facilitate or inhibit occupational performance

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7
Q

Anatomical positions

A
  • anterior/posterior (volar/dorsal)
  • medial/lateral
  • proximal/distal
  • superior/inferior
  • radial/ulnar
  • bilateral/ipsilateral/contralateral
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8
Q

Bilateral

A

Both sides

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9
Q

Ipsilateral

A

On the same side

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10
Q

Contralateral

A

Opposite sides

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11
Q

Planes of motion

A
  • sagittal plane
  • frontal plane
  • transverse plane
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12
Q

Sagittal plane

A

Divides the body into left and right sides
- flexion/extension

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13
Q

Frontal plane

A

Divides the body into anterior and posterior planes
- abduction/adduction

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14
Q

Transverse plane

A

Divides the body into inferior and superior portions
- rotary motion

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15
Q

Surface anatomy

A

Describes the features of anatomy that are palpable or visible on the surface of the skin

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16
Q

Bony landmarks

A

Specific components of the bone that protrude beneath the skin (prominent C7 on the back of the neck that you can feel)

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17
Q

Upper extremity joints

A
  • shoulder (ST, GH)
  • elbow
  • forearm
  • wrist
  • thumb
  • digits
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18
Q

Lower extremity joints

A
  • hip
  • knee
  • ankle
  • foot
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19
Q

Types of motion

A
  • elevation/depression
  • protraction/retraction
  • flexion/extension
  • abduction/adduction
  • internal/external rotation
  • horizontal abduction/adduction
  • pronation/supination
  • radial/ulnar deviation
  • radial/palmar abduction
  • opposition (touching the fingers)
  • inversion/eversion
  • plantar/dorsiflexion
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20
Q

Kinematic Chain

A

Cooperative, independent movement of the segments and joints of the body
- closed-chain
- open-chain

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21
Q

Closed-chain

A

Functional movement involved the proximal joints moving in relation to a fixed distal segment
- ex = squatting, pushing a grocery cart, push ups

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22
Q

Open-chain

A

Motions involve free movement of distal body segments in space, allowing joints to move together or independently of the others
- ex = conducting a symphony, reaching for something

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23
Q

Force

A

A push or pull of matter
- the effort (exerted force) exerted by the body must overcome the resistance (resistive force) of the object

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24
Q

Types of force

A
  • tensile force
  • compressive force
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25
Tensile force
Pulling - applied within the joint motion - ex = when lifting weights, pulling the weight up is tensile
26
Compressive force
Pushing - present in the spine and lower extremities while sitting or standing - ex: after lifting and pushing it above the head, that is compressive
27
Action (in relation to force)
The specific motion that a muscle is able to generate at a particular joint
28
Mechanical advantage
Leverage the muscle will have on a joint
29
Levers
Pulley systems in the body that provide mechanical advantage and generate functional motion - classified by the arrangement of the **effort** (muscle exerted force), **axis** (joint), and **resistance** (resistive force of the weight of a limb, or object against gravity)
30
Types of levers in the body
- first class lever - second class lever - third class lever
31
First class lever (image on slide 7)
Exerted force and a resistive force are on the opposite sides of an axis (like a seesaw) - ex = cervical spine = anterior and posterior musculature contribute opposing flexion and extension forces across the cervical vertebrae
32
Second and third class levers (image on slide 8)
Configured with exerted and resistive forces on the same side of the axis
33
Second class lever
The resistive force is closer to the axis than the exerted force (like a wheelbarrow) - ex = ankle - optimizes mechanical advantage
34
Third class lever (image on slide 9)
The resistive force is farther away from the axis than the exerted force - ex = elbow - **most common in the human body** - allow for higher velocity movement of the limbs
35
Elasticity
The ability to return to original shape after force is removed - the tissues have varying degrees of elasticity
36
Stress
The amount of applied force per area - pounds per square inch
37
Strain
The amount of material displacement under an amount of stress
38
Example of stress and strain with pizza dough
- undergoes stress in the form of rolling, pressing, and stretching - strain = responds to the stress by changing shape
39
Load to failure
Occurs when force exceeds the capability of tissue elasticity - causes permanent deformation or rupture
40
Yield point
Maximum stress that can be sustained before tissue failure Beyond the yield point = depends on the stiffness of the tissue - brittle tissues (bones) = fracture - soft tissues (ligaments) undergo plastic deformation (sprain) or rupture
41
Joint instability
Can occur by repetitive soft tissue damage
42
Primer mover (agonist)
Generates the most force in a group of muscles to produce motion **you need to know the prime movers of actions for the written exams**
43
Antagonist
The muscles of the contrary movement - these need to relax to allow movement of the agonist muscles
44
Fixators
Stabilize the origin of a muscle contraction - stability of motion begins proximal to the motion
45
Synergists
Muscles that assist the prime movers
46
Types of muscle contraction
- isometric - isotonic - concentric - eccentric
47
Isometric contraction
Muscle contractions without a change in muscle length or joint motion
48
Isotonic contraction
Muscle contractions with changes in muscle length and joint motion - concentric - eccentric
49
Concentric contraction
Shortening
50
Eccentric contraction
Lengthening
51
Load rate
How quickly a force is applied to a tissue - impacts how the tissue responds - rapid load rates can cause damage to ligaments and muscle
52
Muscle sufficiency
Ability of a muscle to elongate and shorten to produce movement of joints
53
Passive insufficiency
Inability of a muscle to elongate a muscle enough to move through its full range of motion - ex = touching your toes (passive insufficiency of the hamstrings) and extending the wrist and finger flexors cannot elongate more
54
Active insufficiency
When the muscle fibers have maximally shortened and cannot contract further even though the joint has not reached its full range of motion - ex = biceps (cannot bend/flex in further)
55
Synovial joints
Mobile joints of the body that allow for purposeful movement - vary in levels of stability and mobility
56
Close-pack position
Position of a joint where there is maximal contact between articular surfaces and maximal tension of surrounding ligaments - ex = knee in full extension (allows for stability while showering)
57
Open-pack position
Position of least surface contact and laxity of surrounding ligaments - ex = knee in 25 degrees of flexion - use of manual therapy in this position to promote joint movement = less resistance from surrounding ligaments - using open-pack position to mobilize a joint to allow for more range of motion
58
Degrees of freedom
Number of axes around which a joint moves
59
Types of joints
- ball-and-socket joint - ellipsoid joint - hinge joint - saddle joint - gliding joint - pivot joint
60
Ball-and-socket joint
- **most mobile joint** - able to rotate around at least three axes
61
Ellipsoid joint
- allows for flexion/extension, abduction/adduction - two axes of motion
62
Hinge joint
- flexion and extension around a single axis - tend to have collateral ligaments that limit lateral and medial movements
63
Saddle joint
- convex and concave articulating surface - move around two axes
64
Gliding joint
- **least movement of all synovial joints** - gliding movements between bony surfaces (does not rotate on an axis)
65
Pivot joint
- single axis with one bone rotating around another - ex = head on the spine

Kinesiology (11 decks)

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