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Kinesiology > Introduction To Kinesiology > Flashcards

Introduction To Kinesiology Flashcards

1
Q

Kinesiology

A

The study of anatomy and mechanics related to human movement

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2
Q

Why is kinesiology important to occupational therapists?

A
  • occupations
  • occupational performance
  • functional mobility
  • activity analysis
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3
Q

Occupations

A

Everyday activities that people bring meaning and purpose to their life (ADLs, IADLs)

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4
Q

Occupational performance

A

Act of completing meaningful activities (assessing occupational performance and creating activity analysis

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5
Q

Functional mobility

A

Moving from one position or place to another

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6
Q

Activity analysis

A

Identification and evaluation of performance skills and patterns that facilitate or inhibit occupational performance

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7
Q

Anatomical positions

A
  • anterior/posterior (volar/dorsal)
  • medial/lateral
  • proximal/distal
  • superior/inferior
  • radial/ulnar
  • bilateral/ipsilateral/contralateral
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8
Q

Bilateral

A

Both sides

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9
Q

Ipsilateral

A

On the same side

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10
Q

Contralateral

A

Opposite sides

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11
Q

Planes of motion

A
  • sagittal plane
  • frontal plane
  • transverse plane
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12
Q

Sagittal plane

A

Divides the body into left and right sides
- flexion/extension

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13
Q

Frontal plane

A

Divides the body into anterior and posterior planes
- abduction/adduction

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14
Q

Transverse plane

A

Divides the body into inferior and superior portions
- rotary motion

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15
Q

Surface anatomy

A

Describes the features of anatomy that are palpable or visible on the surface of the skin

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16
Q

Bony landmarks

A

Specific components of the bone that protrude beneath the skin (prominent C7 on the back of the neck that you can feel)

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17
Q

Upper extremity joints

A
  • shoulder (ST, GH)
  • elbow
  • forearm
  • wrist
  • thumb
  • digits
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18
Q

Lower extremity joints

A
  • hip
  • knee
  • ankle
  • foot
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19
Q

Types of motion

A
  • elevation/depression
  • protraction/retraction
  • flexion/extension
  • abduction/adduction
  • internal/external rotation
  • horizontal abduction/adduction
  • pronation/supination
  • radial/ulnar deviation
  • radial/palmar abduction
  • opposition (touching the fingers)
  • inversion/eversion
  • plantar/dorsiflexion
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20
Q

Kinematic Chain

A

Cooperative, independent movement of the segments and joints of the body
- closed-chain
- open-chain

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21
Q

Closed-chain

A

Functional movement involved the proximal joints moving in relation to a fixed distal segment
- ex = squatting, pushing a grocery cart, push ups

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22
Q

Open-chain

A

Motions involve free movement of distal body segments in space, allowing joints to move together or independently of the others
- ex = conducting a symphony, reaching for something

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23
Q

Force

A

A push or pull of matter
- the effort (exerted force) exerted by the body must overcome the resistance (resistive force) of the object

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24
Q

Types of force

A
  • tensile force
  • compressive force
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25
Q

Tensile force

A

Pulling
- applied within the joint motion
- ex = when lifting weights, pulling the weight up is tensile

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26
Q

Compressive force

A

Pushing
- present in the spine and lower extremities while sitting or standing
- ex: after lifting and pushing it above the head, that is compressive

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27
Q

Action (in relation to force)

A

The specific motion that a muscle is able to generate at a particular joint

28
Q

Mechanical advantage

A

Leverage the muscle will have on a joint

29
Q

Levers

A

Pulley systems in the body that provide mechanical advantage and generate functional motion
- classified by the arrangement of the effort (muscle exerted force), axis (joint), and resistance (resistive force of the weight of a limb, or object against gravity)

30
Q

Types of levers in the body

A
  • first class lever
  • second class lever
  • third class lever
31
Q

First class lever (image on slide 7)

A

Exerted force and a resistive force are on the opposite sides of an axis (like a seesaw)
- ex = cervical spine = anterior and posterior musculature contribute opposing flexion and extension forces across the cervical vertebrae

32
Q

Second and third class levers (image on slide 8)

A

Configured with exerted and resistive forces on the same side of the axis

33
Q

Second class lever

A

The resistive force is closer to the axis than the exerted force (like a wheelbarrow)
- ex = ankle
- optimizes mechanical advantage

34
Q

Third class lever (image on slide 9)

A

The resistive force is farther away from the axis than the exerted force
- ex = elbow
- most common in the human body
- allow for higher velocity movement of the limbs

35
Q

Elasticity

A

The ability to return to original shape after force is removed
- the tissues have varying degrees of elasticity

36
Q

Stress

A

The amount of applied force per area
- pounds per square inch

37
Q

Strain

A

The amount of material displacement under an amount of stress

38
Q

Example of stress and strain with pizza dough

A
  • undergoes stress in the form of rolling, pressing, and stretching
  • strain = responds to the stress by changing shape
39
Q

Load to failure

A

Occurs when force exceeds the capability of tissue elasticity
- causes permanent deformation or rupture

40
Q

Yield point

A

Maximum stress that can be sustained before tissue failure

Beyond the yield point = depends on the stiffness of the tissue
- brittle tissues (bones) = fracture
- soft tissues (ligaments) undergo plastic deformation (sprain) or rupture

41
Q

Joint instability

A

Can occur by repetitive soft tissue damage

42
Q

Primer mover (agonist)

A

Generates the most force in a group of muscles to produce motion

you need to know the prime movers of actions for the written exams

43
Q

Antagonist

A

The muscles of the contrary movement
- these need to relax to allow movement of the agonist muscles

44
Q

Fixators

A

Stabilize the origin of a muscle contraction
- stability of motion begins proximal to the motion

45
Q

Synergists

A

Muscles that assist the prime movers

46
Q

Types of muscle contraction

A
  • isometric
  • isotonic
  • concentric
  • eccentric
47
Q

Isometric contraction

A

Muscle contractions without a change in muscle length or joint motion

48
Q

Isotonic contraction

A

Muscle contractions with changes in muscle length and joint motion
- concentric
- eccentric

49
Q

Concentric contraction

A

Shortening

50
Q

Eccentric contraction

A

Lengthening

51
Q

Load rate

A

How quickly a force is applied to a tissue
- impacts how the tissue responds
- rapid load rates can cause damage to ligaments and muscle

52
Q

Muscle sufficiency

A

Ability of a muscle to elongate and shorten to produce movement of joints

53
Q

Passive insufficiency

A

Inability of a muscle to elongate a muscle enough to move through its full range of motion
- ex = touching your toes (passive insufficiency of the hamstrings) and extending the wrist and finger flexors cannot elongate more

54
Q

Active insufficiency

A

When the muscle fibers have maximally shortened and cannot contract further even though the joint has not reached its full range of motion
- ex = biceps (cannot bend/flex in further)

55
Q

Synovial joints

A

Mobile joints of the body that allow for purposeful movement
- vary in levels of stability and mobility

56
Q

Close-pack position

A

Position of a joint where there is maximal contact between articular surfaces and maximal tension of surrounding ligaments
- ex = knee in full extension (allows for stability while showering)

57
Q

Open-pack position

A

Position of least surface contact and laxity of surrounding ligaments
- ex = knee in 25 degrees of flexion
- use of manual therapy in this position to promote joint movement = less resistance from surrounding ligaments
- using open-pack position to mobilize a joint to allow for more range of motion

58
Q

Degrees of freedom

A

Number of axes around which a joint moves

59
Q

Types of joints

A
  • ball-and-socket joint
  • ellipsoid joint
  • hinge joint
  • saddle joint
  • gliding joint
  • pivot joint
60
Q

Ball-and-socket joint

A
  • most mobile joint
  • able to rotate around at least three axes
61
Q

Ellipsoid joint

A
  • allows for flexion/extension, abduction/adduction
  • two axes of motion
62
Q

Hinge joint

A
  • flexion and extension around a single axis
  • tend to have collateral ligaments that limit lateral and medial movements
63
Q

Saddle joint

A
  • convex and concave articulating surface
  • move around two axes
64
Q

Gliding joint

A
  • least movement of all synovial joints
  • gliding movements between bony surfaces (does not rotate on an axis)
65
Q

Pivot joint

A
  • single axis with one bone rotating around another
  • ex = head on the spine

Kinesiology (11 decks)

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