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Organisation of the Body: Gross Anatomy > Spine > Flashcards

Spine Flashcards

1
Q

Function of the spine

A

axial skeleton for weight bearing and mobility- adapted for weight transmission in the upright posture

spinal cord protection

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2
Q

How many veterbrae?

A

33

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3
Q

How many of each segment?

A

cervical- 7

thoracic- 12

lumbar- 5

sacral 5 fused

coccygeal- 4

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4
Q

Normal curvature of each region

A

cervical- lordosis

thoracic- kyphosis

lumbar and sacral- lordosis

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5
Q

Abnormal developments of the spine

A

Scoliosis- lateral concavity

kyphosis- hunchback- excessive thoracic convexity

lordosis- sway back- excessive lumbosacral concavity

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6
Q

Briefly, embryonic origin of spine?

A

paraxial mesoderm- somites, patterned by transcription factors scubas Hox and PAX genes, form medial sclerotome- endochondral ossification

notochord expresses Shh which induces medial somitic cells to form sclerotome

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7
Q

sclerotome definition

A

Part of each somite in a vertebrate embryo giving rise to bone or other skeletal tissue

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8
Q

Structure of a typical vertebrae + function

A
  • vertebral body with a somewhat oval shape. Body is covered in strong cortical bone with cancellous bone within.
  • pedicle- two short processes made of cortical bone that protrude from the back of the ventral body
  • spinal cavity- cavity that contains the spinal cord within the cerebral column
  • lamina- two flat pates of bone that extend from the pedicles on either side and join the middle

transverse process- two on each side of the vertebral body where the lamina joins the pedicle. Serve as points of attachment for the inter transverse ligament.

articular process- contain a superior and inferior facet

spinous process- extending cortical bone which project centrally- points dorsally and caudally. serves as a point of attachment for muscles and ligaments

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9
Q

Cervical vertebrae structure

A
  • smallest and lightest vertebrae
  • triangular vertebral foramen
  • short bifid spinous processes
  • two transverse foramen which allows the passage to the vertebral artery and vein
  • each transverse foramen has an anterior and posterior tubercle
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10
Q

2 different cervical vertebrae

A

C1- Atlas C2- axis

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11
Q

Explain structure of atlas

A
  • does not have a spine, instead has a posterior tuberosity
  • articulates with the occiput of the head and the axis
  • has no vertebral body
  • anterior and posterior arch that join two masses
  • anterior arch has a facet for articulation with the dens
  • posterior arch has groove for vertebral artery and C1 nerve
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12
Q

Explain structure of axis

A
  • anterior odontoid process (dens) that articulates with the anterior facet of the atlas
  • everything else the same as normal cervical spine
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13
Q

Two different joints + their functions

A

Atlanto-occipital joint- allows the skull to move up and down. Two synovial condyloid joints

Atlanto-axial joint- allows the upper neck to twist left and right- synovial pivot joint

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14
Q

What other cervical vertebrae varies?

A

c7- referred to as vertebrae prominens, as it has a longer spinous process- not usually bifid- easy to palpate

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15
Q

What movements allowed in cervical region of spine?

A
  • quite mobile compared to the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spine
  • rotation and lateral flexion
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16
Q

Structure of thoracic vertebrae

A
  • transverse processes have facets to articulate with the head of ribs -c alley transversocostal facet
  • near root of pedicle two costal Demi facets- where the rib articulates from one above and below
  • small vertebral foramen
  • long spine
  • heart shaped vertebral body
17
Q

Attachment of rib to thoracic vertebrae

A
  • all 12 ribs articulate posteriorly with the vertebrae of the spine
  • costotransverse joint- tubercle of rib and the transverse costal facet of the corresponding vertebrae
  • costovertebral joint- between the head of the rib, superior costal facet of the corresponding vertebrae and the inferior costal facet of the vertebrae above
18
Q

Which rib is different?

A

First rib- only one costoverebral joint, as there is no vertebrae above it to provide the inferior costal facet

19
Q

Movement allowed in thoracic column?

A

very little movement due to presence of ribs

  • small amount of forward and lateral flexion and slight rotation
20
Q

Structure of lumbar vertebrae

A
  • the largest
  • kidney shaped vertebral body
  • quadrate spines
  • thick pedicles, thick lamina
  • interlocking articular facets
21
Q

Range of movement allowed in lumbar region

A

Flexion and extension but prevent rotation

22
Q

Why are lumbar vertebrae this shape?

A

Largest segments that thus can help support the body and permit movement

23
Q

Sacral vertebrae structure

A
  • fused
  • large surface of articulation with the pelvis
  • forms the sacroiliac joint on each side of the pelvis
24
Q

Structure of sacral iliac joint + function

A
  • joint is covered by two forms of cartilage on either side
  • joint surface develops distinct angular orientations as the individual begins walking
  • sacral surface as hylaline cartilage
  • iliac surface has fibrocartilage

shock absorption - self-locking mechanism helps with the push off phase of walking

25
Q

Coccyx structure

A

3 vertebrae fused

articulates superiorly with sacrum

all lack pedicles, laminae and sopinous processes

26
Q

2 types of joint between vertebrae

A

synovial between superior and inferior articular processes

  • cartilaginous between bodies
27
Q

Explain structure of the intervertebral disc

A

Symphysis- secondary cartilaginous
-fibrocartilaginous

  • central nucleus pulposus- gelatinous with high water content
  • peripheral anulus fibrosis- formed of fibrocartilage - several laminae made up of both type 1 and 2 collagen
28
Q

Structure of nucleus pulposus

A
  • large vacuolated notochord cells
  • small chodnrycte cells
  • collagen fibrils
  • aggregate attached to hyaluronic acid, keratin sulphate and chondroitin

more negatively charged aggrecan, the more osmosis into the nucleus pulposus

29
Q

Function of the intervertebral disc

A

nucleus pulposus

  • helps distribute pressure evenly across the disc
  • contains loose fibres suspended in mucoprotein gel

stiff laminae help resist compressive forces

30
Q

what is between the disc and vertebral body?

A

endplate- contain an osseous and hyaline cartilage component

network of blood vessels through the end plate to the dic

31
Q

Explain injuries associated with intervertebral discs?

A

spinal disc herniation- excessive strain or trauma to the spine which injures the disc
- tear in the outer fibrous ring- allows nucleus pulposus to seep out

  • sciatica- pain from the lower back going down the leg- often due to slipped disc
32
Q

Which direction is a disc herniation most common? + why?

A

postero-lateral

anulus fibrosis is thinnest and not supported by the posterior or anterior longitudinal ligament

posterior direction as posterior longitudinal ligament is thinner than anterior

33
Q

which vertebrae does it most commonly take place?

A

lumbar then cervical

In the lumbar region, sciatic nerve is most commonly effected, thus causing sciatica

34
Q

Which nerve is often effected?

A

The nerve below the disc

eg. if the disc is between L4 and L5, the nerve compressed will be L5 as the nerve comes out above the vertebrae

35
Q

What is spinal stenosis?

A

Abnormal narrowing of the spinal canal that results in pressure on the spinal cord

causes weakness in limbs

often due to osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and spinal tumours

36
Q

Different ligaments present + function

A

supraspinous ligament- along the spines, preventing overextension

interspinous ligament- between spinous processes

inter transverse ligament- between transverse processes

ligamentum flavum- connect ventral parts of the laminae- preserve upright posture

anterior longitudinal ligament- prevents hyperextension and spinal disc herniation

posterior longitudinal ligament- prevents hyeprflexion and spinal disc herniation

ligamentum nuchae- behind the cranium, keeps us upright and the spine in an extended position- continuous with the supraspinous ligament

transverse ligament of atlas- thick strong band that arches across the ring of the atlas and retain the odontoid process in place

37
Q

Spinal cord in relation to spine structure

A
  • occupies vertebral canal
  • terminates lower border in L1 in adult or L3 in child
  • cervical and lumbar enlargements
  • cord tapers to conus medullar is
  • nerve roots continue as caudal equina
  • nerve roots before leave between intervertebral foramen composed of the superior and inferior vertebrae
38
Q

Hangman fracture explained

A

fracture of the dens caused by an extreme force on the upper vertebrae

Organisation of the Body: Gross Anatomy (9 decks)

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