Bones Flashcards
Different types of bone+ explained
Long- tubular in shape with expanded ends
flat- cranial vault, thoracic cage
sesamoid- bones with developed inside tendons- patella
short- wrist and ankle- cuboidal
irregular- pelvis, vertebral column
Functions of the skeleton
- rigid supporting framework
- protection of soft tissues
- facilitation of movement- walking or gestures- eating-communication
- resistance of forces
- haematopoiesis
- store of phosphate and calcium
- weight bearing
What is the pectoral girdle?
scapula and clavicle- formed by intramembranous ossification
Pectoral girdle functions
Clavicle holds the upper limb clear of the trunk, increasing the range of movement of which the upper limb is capable- acts as a strut
- transmits force from upper limb to axial skeleton, so frequently fractured
protraction- moved forward
retracted- pulled backwards
elevated- moved up
depressed- moved down
rotated medially and laterally
Skeleton of the upper limb
clavicle, scapula, humorous, ulna, radius and wrist and hand bones- carpals, metacarpals and phalanges
what is the bicipital groove?
groove between the greater and lesser tuberosities of humorous and serves a point of attachment for the biceps brachii
What is a common fracture site of the humorous + why?
surgical neck, as this bone is at an angle and thinner. May cause damage to the axillary nerve
deltoid tuberosity function
point of attachment of the deltoid on the humorous
radial groove location + function
posterior surface of shaft- position of radial nerve
where does ulnar nerve pass + what this can cause?
posterior to the medial epicondyle, where it is rather superficial, thus a knock may elicit tingling in the forearm
End of humorous structure
lateral rounded capitulum- articulates with radial head
trochlea which articulates with trochlea notch of ulna
Different articulations and different extension
arm is fully extended- olecranon of ulna
fully flexed- radial head and coronoid process of ulna
radial tuberosity function
point of attachment for biceps brachii
pivots around the ulna at the proximal and distal radioulnar joints
Radius distal structure
radial shaft expands to form a rectangular end with lateral side projecting distally to form the styloid process
- two shallow depressions called asrtciular facets for articulation with the scaphoid and lunate
Ulna function
acts as a stabilising bone with the radius pivoting around it to produce movement
4 structures on the proximal Ulna + function
olecranon- found on posterior surface- where the triceps brachii muscles attach - articulates with olecranon fossa
coronoid process- raised crest of bone
trochlear notch- wrench shaped indent formed by the olecranon and coronoid process - articulates with trochlea of humerous
radial notch - found lateral to the trochlear notch and artciulaes with head of radius
capitulum on humorous articulates with radius head
Distal ulna structure
- ulnar head articulates with radius
- does not articulate with wrist- blocked by cartilaginous disc
- projection called styloid process
Nick name for carpal bones
some lunatics try positions that they cannot handle
Name carpal bones
scaphoid, lunate, triquetrium, pisiform, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate
proximal row
scaphoid, lunate, triquetrium, pisiform
distal row
trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate
Which carpal is most often fractured?
Scaphoid
Why is this fracture worrying?
Scaphoid is known as the anatomical snuffbox- avascular necrosis can occur, as the scaphoid blood supply comes from two different vascular branches of the radial artery
Functions of pelvic girdle
attach axial skeleton to appendicular
transmit weight from axial skeleton
movement- enables locomotion via deep synovial ball and socket joints
provides attachment for muscles and ligaments
contains and protects the pelvic organs
Important Structure of hip bone
Ichildhood fusion of three bones: ileum, ischium and pubis
acetabulum is formed from all three bones
Greater sciatic notch present below posterior inferior iliac spine- where the sciatic nerve passes through the posterior thigh
obturator foramen formed from ischium and pubis
Femur function
transmit force from the tibia to the hip bone
weight bearing
proximal femur shape
head- articulates with acetabulum. contains a depression on the medial aspect- fovea wapitis- where an intracapsular ligament from the acetabulum attaches
long neck- greater range of movement
greater trochanter- attachment for gluteal muscles
lesser trochanter- posterior medial side- site of attachment for psoas major and iliac
Femur shaft structure
extends in a slight medial direction- bringing the knees closer to the body- closer to the centre of gravity for increased stability
gluteal tuberosity- where gluteus Maximus attaches
distally forks into medial and lateral supracondylar lines
popliteal fossa created by lineament aspera
Distal femur structure
medial and lateral condyles- posterior, inferior surfaces articulate with tibia - anterior surface with patella
medial and lateral epicondyles- bony elevations of the non articulating surface- attachment for muscles and collateral ligaments
Patella structure
sesamoid bone
embedded in the quadriceps tendon in the knee, which is found in the patellofemoral groove
attaches superior to quadriceps tendon and inferiorly to patellar ligament
Function of placement of quadriceps tendon
enhances leverage that the quadriceps tendon can exert on the femur- increasing the efficiency of the muscle in extension of the kneww
Tibia Proximal structure
- medial and lateral condyle, with a central intercondylar eminence - contains two tubercles which articulate with the intercondylar fossa
tibial tuberosity- anterior and distal to condyles- where patellar ligament attaches
Distal tibial structure
distal end widens to help with weight bearing
medial malleolus projects inferiorly from the medial tibia and articulates with the tarsal bones to form the ankle joint
fibular notch lateral
Fibula function
for muscle attachment and stabilisation of the ankle- NOT WEIGHT BEARING
no supination or pronation
Fibula structure
proximal end does not articulate with the femur
enlarged head with a point called the apex which contains a facet for articulation with the tibial lateral condyle
distal end- lateral malleolus
Ankle and foot function
provide mechanical support for sot tissues to help withstand the weight of the body
3 bones in foot
tarsals, metatarsals and phalanges
how many tarsals
7
name tarsals from posterior to anterior
calcaneus, talus, navicular, cuboid, 3 cuneiforms
calcaneus structure and function
largest tarsal bone
forms the heel
thick and sturdy to transmit forces from the talus to the ground
articulate superiorly with the talus to form the subtler joint
posterior calcaneus tuberosity serves as a point of insertion for the gastrocnemius achilles tendon
Talus structure and function
most superior
transmits force from the tibia to the calcaneus
Metatarsals structure + articulations
each has proximal base and distal head
tarsometatarsal joints- 3 medial articulate with cuneiforms, 2 lateral articulate with cuboid
How many phalanges does each digit have?
halux- 2
II-V have 3
