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Organisation of the Body: Gross Anatomy > Bones > Flashcards

Bones Flashcards

1
Q

Different types of bone+ explained

A

Long- tubular in shape with expanded ends

flat- cranial vault, thoracic cage

sesamoid- bones with developed inside tendons- patella

short- wrist and ankle- cuboidal

irregular- pelvis, vertebral column

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2
Q

Functions of the skeleton

A
  • rigid supporting framework
  • protection of soft tissues
  • facilitation of movement- walking or gestures- eating-communication
  • resistance of forces
  • haematopoiesis
  • store of phosphate and calcium
  • weight bearing
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3
Q

What is the pectoral girdle?

A

scapula and clavicle- formed by intramembranous ossification

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4
Q

Pectoral girdle functions

A

Clavicle holds the upper limb clear of the trunk, increasing the range of movement of which the upper limb is capable- acts as a strut

  • transmits force from upper limb to axial skeleton, so frequently fractured

protraction- moved forward

retracted- pulled backwards

elevated- moved up

depressed- moved down

rotated medially and laterally

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5
Q

Skeleton of the upper limb

A

clavicle, scapula, humorous, ulna, radius and wrist and hand bones- carpals, metacarpals and phalanges

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6
Q

what is the bicipital groove?

A

groove between the greater and lesser tuberosities of humorous and serves a point of attachment for the biceps brachii

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7
Q

What is a common fracture site of the humorous + why?

A

surgical neck, as this bone is at an angle and thinner. May cause damage to the axillary nerve

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8
Q

deltoid tuberosity function

A

point of attachment of the deltoid on the humorous

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9
Q

radial groove location + function

A

posterior surface of shaft- position of radial nerve

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10
Q

where does ulnar nerve pass + what this can cause?

A

posterior to the medial epicondyle, where it is rather superficial, thus a knock may elicit tingling in the forearm

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11
Q

End of humorous structure

A

lateral rounded capitulum- articulates with radial head

trochlea which articulates with trochlea notch of ulna

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12
Q

Different articulations and different extension

A

arm is fully extended- olecranon of ulna

fully flexed- radial head and coronoid process of ulna

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13
Q

radial tuberosity function

A

point of attachment for biceps brachii

pivots around the ulna at the proximal and distal radioulnar joints

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14
Q

Radius distal structure

A

radial shaft expands to form a rectangular end with lateral side projecting distally to form the styloid process

  • two shallow depressions called asrtciular facets for articulation with the scaphoid and lunate
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15
Q

Ulna function

A

acts as a stabilising bone with the radius pivoting around it to produce movement

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16
Q

4 structures on the proximal Ulna + function

A

olecranon- found on posterior surface- where the triceps brachii muscles attach - articulates with olecranon fossa

coronoid process- raised crest of bone

trochlear notch- wrench shaped indent formed by the olecranon and coronoid process - articulates with trochlea of humerous

radial notch - found lateral to the trochlear notch and artciulaes with head of radius

capitulum on humorous articulates with radius head

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17
Q

Distal ulna structure

A
  • ulnar head articulates with radius
  • does not articulate with wrist- blocked by cartilaginous disc
  • projection called styloid process
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18
Q

Nick name for carpal bones

A

some lunatics try positions that they cannot handle

19
Q

Name carpal bones

A

scaphoid, lunate, triquetrium, pisiform, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate

20
Q

proximal row

A

scaphoid, lunate, triquetrium, pisiform

21
Q

distal row

A

trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate

22
Q

Which carpal is most often fractured?

A

Scaphoid

23
Q

Why is this fracture worrying?

A

Scaphoid is known as the anatomical snuffbox- avascular necrosis can occur, as the scaphoid blood supply comes from two different vascular branches of the radial artery

24
Q

Functions of pelvic girdle

A

attach axial skeleton to appendicular

transmit weight from axial skeleton

movement- enables locomotion via deep synovial ball and socket joints

provides attachment for muscles and ligaments

contains and protects the pelvic organs

25
Q

Important Structure of hip bone

A

Ichildhood fusion of three bones: ileum, ischium and pubis

acetabulum is formed from all three bones

Greater sciatic notch present below posterior inferior iliac spine- where the sciatic nerve passes through the posterior thigh

obturator foramen formed from ischium and pubis

26
Q

Femur function

A

transmit force from the tibia to the hip bone

weight bearing

27
Q

proximal femur shape

A

head- articulates with acetabulum. contains a depression on the medial aspect- fovea wapitis- where an intracapsular ligament from the acetabulum attaches

long neck- greater range of movement

greater trochanter- attachment for gluteal muscles

lesser trochanter- posterior medial side- site of attachment for psoas major and iliac

28
Q

Femur shaft structure

A

extends in a slight medial direction- bringing the knees closer to the body- closer to the centre of gravity for increased stability

gluteal tuberosity- where gluteus Maximus attaches

distally forks into medial and lateral supracondylar lines

popliteal fossa created by lineament aspera

29
Q

Distal femur structure

A

medial and lateral condyles- posterior, inferior surfaces articulate with tibia - anterior surface with patella

medial and lateral epicondyles- bony elevations of the non articulating surface- attachment for muscles and collateral ligaments

30
Q

Patella structure

A

sesamoid bone

embedded in the quadriceps tendon in the knee, which is found in the patellofemoral groove

attaches superior to quadriceps tendon and inferiorly to patellar ligament

31
Q

Function of placement of quadriceps tendon

A

enhances leverage that the quadriceps tendon can exert on the femur- increasing the efficiency of the muscle in extension of the kneww

32
Q

Tibia Proximal structure

A
  • medial and lateral condyle, with a central intercondylar eminence - contains two tubercles which articulate with the intercondylar fossa

tibial tuberosity- anterior and distal to condyles- where patellar ligament attaches

33
Q

Distal tibial structure

A

distal end widens to help with weight bearing

medial malleolus projects inferiorly from the medial tibia and articulates with the tarsal bones to form the ankle joint

fibular notch lateral

34
Q

Fibula function

A

for muscle attachment and stabilisation of the ankle- NOT WEIGHT BEARING

no supination or pronation

35
Q

Fibula structure

A

proximal end does not articulate with the femur

enlarged head with a point called the apex which contains a facet for articulation with the tibial lateral condyle

distal end- lateral malleolus

36
Q

Ankle and foot function

A

provide mechanical support for sot tissues to help withstand the weight of the body

37
Q

3 bones in foot

A

tarsals, metatarsals and phalanges

38
Q

how many tarsals

A

7

39
Q

name tarsals from posterior to anterior

A

calcaneus, talus, navicular, cuboid, 3 cuneiforms

40
Q

calcaneus structure and function

A

largest tarsal bone

forms the heel

thick and sturdy to transmit forces from the talus to the ground

articulate superiorly with the talus to form the subtler joint

posterior calcaneus tuberosity serves as a point of insertion for the gastrocnemius achilles tendon

41
Q

Talus structure and function

A

most superior

transmits force from the tibia to the calcaneus

42
Q

Metatarsals structure + articulations

A

each has proximal base and distal head

tarsometatarsal joints- 3 medial articulate with cuneiforms, 2 lateral articulate with cuboid

43
Q

How many phalanges does each digit have?

A

halux- 2

II-V have 3

Organisation of the Body: Gross Anatomy (9 decks)

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