Kidney, ureter, bladder and urethra

Question 1

are the kidneys retroperitoneal of intraperitoneal?

Answer 1

retroperitoneal

Question 2

which kidney is higher + where? + why?

Answer 2

left- T11

right- T12

liver on the right side prevents total ascent

Question 3

how many cm above the midline to the kidneys sit?

Answer 3

5cm

Question 4

structure of the kidney

Answer 4

outer cortex

deeper medulla surrounding the renal pelvis

renal pelvis receives urine from collecting ducts and drains into the ureter

Question 5

what is present in the hilum of the kidney?

Answer 5

central fissure where the renal veins and arteries enter and leave

Question 6

what is the renal pelvis?

Answer 6

structure where the collecting ducts drain which then drains into the ureters

formed of major and minor calyx that then lead to the renal pyramid

Question 7

explain passage of renal arteries

Answer 7

right- passes behind inferior vena cava to reach the hilum

Question 8

explain arterial blood supply

Answer 8

superior mesenteric into renal arteries

renal arteries branch as they enter the kidney into anterior and posterior branches

then into interlobar arteries, which are the end arteries supplying the kidney segments

interlobar arteries into arcuate arteries which form interlobular arteries that supply the nephrons

Question 9

explain venous drainage

Answer 9

renal veins into inferior ven cava

right renal vein is shorter than left

Question 10

what exits the renal pelvis?

Answer 10

ureter

Question 11

ureter definition

Answer 11

smooth muscle walled structure that uses peristaltic movements to force urine into the bladdr

Question 12

passage of the ureter

Answer 12

from renal pelvis, across the psoas, over the common iliac artery and vein to enter the bladder at the posterior wall

retroperitoneal

Question 13

how does the ureter pass into the bladder?

Answer 13

obliquely

Question 14

importance of oblique movement

Answer 14

bladder wall acts as a sphincter to prevent back filling as the bladder fills

Question 15

position of kidneys

Answer 15

anterior
right duodenum, suprarenal gland, liver, right colic flexture

left hilum tail of pancreas, outer part by spleen, stomach, suprarenal gland, left colic flexure, jejunum

posterior
right- diaphragm, 12th rib, psoas major, quadratus lumborum, transversus abdominis, subcostal, iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal nerves

same for left, just includes 11th rib

Question 16

base of the bladder synonym

Answer 16

trigone

Question 17

what forms the trigone?

Answer 17

entry of the ureters, thickened bar of tissue between them and the opening of the urethra

Question 18

difference in trigone compared to rest of bladder

Answer 18

smooth part of epithelium, not transepithelium

does not change shape upon filling

Question 19

what happens as the bladder fills?

Answer 19

moves up within the abdomen, rising above the pubic bone

Question 20

structure and location of female urethra

Answer 20

short, opens into vestibule

anchored to the anterior vagina wall

Question 21

structure and location of male urethra

Answer 21

below the bladder- prostatic part, surrounded by the prostate

membranous- passes through the perineal membrane

penile- in shaft of penis, surrounded by corpus spongiosum

Question 22

two sets of sphincter muscles

Answer 22

internal involuntary

external voluntary

Question 23

locations of sphincters

Answer 23

internal beneath bladder

external at perineal membrane

Question 24

locations of sphincters

Answer 24

internal beneath bladder

external at levator ani