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Organisation of the Body: Gross Anatomy > Joints > Flashcards

Joints Flashcards

1
Q

Joint definition

A

Articulation between two or more bones, which can be mobile or immobile

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2
Q

What is the stability of the joint dependent on?

A

shape and size of articular surface

thickness of surrounding join capsule

skeletal muscles and tendons passing across the joint

ligaments associated with the joint

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3
Q

Structure of ligaments

A

composed of collagen fibres arranged in parallel arrays containing. varying amount of elastin protein

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4
Q

Associated structures with joints

A

tendons, ligaments and bursae

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5
Q

Ligament origin

A

arise from periosteum of bone involved

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6
Q

tendon structure

A

strip of tough collagenous connective tissue attaching muscle to bone

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7
Q

bursa structure + function

A

fibrous sac filled with synovial fluid located between adjacent muscles, where a tendon passes over bone and between bone and skin.

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8
Q

Joints of the upper limb

A

acromioclavicular, sternoclavicular, glenohumeral, elbow, proximal and distal radioulnar, radiocarpal, carpal metacarpal, intercarpal, metacarpophalangeal, interosseous membrane

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9
Q

Acromioclavicular structure explained + movement available

A

lateral clavicle edge and medial acromion

plane synovial- contained in a joint capsule
articular surfaces lined by fibrocartilage and fibrocartilaginous articular disc

little movement available

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10
Q

what stabilises the acromioclavicular joint?

A

stabilised by fibres of the trapezius and deltoid

acromioclavicular ligament

coracoclavicular ligament- attaches under surface of the clavicle to the coracoid of the scapula

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11
Q

sternoclavicular joint structure explained +

A
  • between upper lateral edge of manubrium of sternum and medial clavicle
  • saddle type synovial joint- very strong and allows a lot of movement - very mobile

atypical synovial joint- surfaces covered in fibrocartilage with a fibrocartilaginous disc - allows the sternum and the clavicle to move over when another more easily

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12
Q

movement available at sternoclavicular joint

A

depression, elevation, protraction, retraction, medial + lateral rotation

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13
Q

How is the sternoclavicular joint strengthened?

A

anterior and posterior sternoclavicular ligaments and costoclavicular ligaments - attaches to inferior rib

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14
Q

What dislocation often occurs?

A

Anterior, as the anterior sternoclavicular ligament is weaker

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15
Q

What dislocation occurs with acromioclavicular joint? + why?

A

anterior
patient falls onto shoulder- force from the fall pushes the scapula down- collarbone cannot move to follow the motion of the scapula
- ligaments around the AC tear

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16
Q

Glenohumeral structure explained

A

Head of humorous articulates with glenoid fossa of the scapula

ball and socket synovial joint- lined with synovial which secretes synovial fluid

fibrous joint capsule sheath encloses the joint which extends form the anatomical neck of the heroes to the border of the glenoid fossa-

synovial bursae- subscapular and subacromial

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17
Q

Mobility of glenohumeral joint enhanced by ?

A
  • joint capsule is lax
  • ball and socket joint type
  • bony surfaces- relatively shallow glenoid fossa and large humeral head
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18
Q

stability enhanced by?

A
  • glenoid labrum- a fibrocartilaginous ring that deepens the socket, reducing the risk of dislocation
  • glenohumeral ligaments- relatively weak- reinforce anterior aspect- running with the glenoid labrum joint capsule
  • coracohumeral- connects coracoid process to the greater tubercle - reinforces superior part of capsule
  • transverse humeral ligament- spans from the tubercles to keep the biceps brachii tendon firm in the inter tubercular groove
  • stabilised by biceps on anterior aspect - inserts into glenoid labrum
  • rotator cuff muscles - attached via tendons that fuse with the joint capsule on all sides except inferior
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19
Q

Movement at glenohumeral joint

A

flexion/extension, circumduction, medial/lateral rotation and flexion/extension

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20
Q

dislocations at the glenohumeral joint

A
  • anterior dislocation of humeral head, due to the lack of stabilisation at the inferior region of the joint- back muscles prevent posterior dislocation
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21
Q

Elbow joint structure explained

A

Synovial hinge joint- flexion and extension

three articulations- humeroulnar joint- trochlea notch of ulna and trochlea of humorous
humeroradial- head of radius and capitulum

head of radius and radial notch of ulna- proximal radioulnar joint

  • all enclosed in a single capsule
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22
Q

Ligaments in elbow joint

A

Medial collateral- medial epicondyle to olecranon of ulna

lateral collateral- lateral epicondyle to the annular ligament of radial notch of ulnar

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23
Q

structure of capsule

A

fibrous capsule encloses elbow joints- attaches to annular ligament

strengthens- thickens medially and laterally to form collateral ligaments

24
Q

Bursa names

A

intratendinous, subtendinous and subcutaneous bursa

25
Q

radio ulnar joint structures explained

A

pivot synovial joint- responsible for pronation and supination of the forearm

annular radial ligament in proximal- allows movement however acts like a sling

distal

  • ulna notch and head of ulna
  • surrounded by weak loose fibrous capsule
  • anterior and posterior collateral ligament
  • intra-articular disc which binds the radius and ulna together
26
Q

Function of intra articulating disc

A

binds radius and ulna together

attaches to medial styloid process- distal end of ulna articulates with disc and not carpals

27
Q

interosseous membrane structure and function

A

syndesmoses- fibrous sheet of connective tissue between shafts

small holes in sheet for vessels to pass through

fibres pass distally from radius to ulnar- transfers compressive forces

stability during pronation and supination

acts as a muscle attachment site

28
Q

Dislocation of radius

A

radial head pulled out of annular ligament, especially in children, called nursemaid’s elbow

posterior dislocation when falling on outstretched hand

29
Q

Radiocarpal joint structure explained + movement

A

synovial elipsoid joint

articulation between radius and convex structure formed by scaphoid, lunate and triquetrium

does not articulate with pisiform as sesamoid therefore within the tendon of the wrist

strengthened medially and laterally by radial and ulnar collateral ligaments

flexion, extension, abduction and adduction and circumduction

30
Q

Carpal tunnel structure

A

transverse carpal ligament that passes over palmar surface that holds the flexor tendons in place

31
Q

Carpal tunnel syndrome

A

median nerve becomes compressed as it passes through carpal tunnel

32
Q

mid carpal and inter carpal joint types

A

plane synovial- permit flexion and extension

33
Q

first carpometacarpal joint structure + function

A

thumb- between first metacarpal bone and trapezium
forms synovial saddle joint

enables opposition- that enables the thumb to touch its other digits

34
Q

other joint types

A

carpometacarpal- plane

metacarpal phalangeal- synovial ellipsoid

interphalangeal- hinge

35
Q

Joints of the lower limb

A

pubic symphysis, sacroiliac, acetabulofemoral, knee, distal and proximal tibiofibular, interosseous membrane, talocrural, sub talar, intertarsal, tarsometatarsal, metatarsalphalangeal, inter phalangeal

36
Q

structure of pubic symphysis explained + movement

A

secondary cartilaginous joint between two pubis bones

articulating surfaces covered in hyaline cartilage and united by a fibrocartilaginous disc

movements usually limited but mobility during pregnancy

37
Q

sacroiliac structure and movement

A
  • limited movement and weight bearing

between the sacrum and articular surface of the ilium

atypical synovial joint- one articular surface in hyaline cartilage and the other in fibrocartilage

synovial plane joint

surfaces are irregular- interlock preventing movement

sacrotuberus and sacrospinous ligaments resist forward rotatory thrust

interosseous sacroiliac ligaments limit movement- posterior, anterior

38
Q

Explain structure of hip joint

A
  • synovial ball and socket

between pelvic acetabulum and femur head

  • thick cartilage- more weight bearing
  • capsule surrounds the joint, synovial membrane lines capsule and all surfaces without hyaline cartilage
39
Q

Factors that increase stability

A

Acetabulum is very deep- deepens further by acetabular labrum

head of femurs hemispherical and fits completely in the deep acetabulum- decreases the risk of dislocation - increased surface area in contact

round ligamentum teres- intracapsular ligament- arises from fovea capitiis and attaches to lower transverse ligament of the acetubulum- relatively slack so little role

transverse acetabular ligament- bridges the notch in the inferior margin of the acetulum to complete the socket- limiting anterior, inferior dislocations

40
Q

3 extra capsular ligaments + structure

A

iliofemoral - iliac spine and intertrochanteric line of femur. inverted Y shape that prevents overextension- anterior strongest

ischiofemoral- body of ischium behind acetabulum to anterior region of femur- spiral shape prevents hyperextension

pubofemoral- superior pubic rami to the inferior aspect of the neck of the femur- prevents excessive abduction and extension

41
Q

Knee joints named

A

tibiofemoral joint and patellofemoral joint

42
Q

Tibiofemoral joint structure explained

A

hinge joint- however when flexed can also slightly rotate and glide laterall- between the medial and lateral condyles of the femur and the tibial plateau- weight bearing

no articulation with fibula

surface of hyaline cartilage

distal portion of femur widened into condyles to spread the compressive forces of the trunk over a wider area

joint capsule encloses the lateral and posterior aspects of the knee joint but not anterior, as this is where the patella is

43
Q

Structure of patellofemoral joint

A

sesamoid patella found embedded in quadriceps tendon

articulates with the anterior distal femur

plane synovial joint

quadriceps tendon becomes the patella ligament and inserts into tibial tuberosity

44
Q

Structure within capsule

A

medial and lateral menisci- two C shaped fibrocartilage structures found within the cavity, attached at both ends to the intercondylar area of the tibia

medial meniscus is bigger - joints to capsule and tibial collateral ligament

45
Q

structure and location + function

A

anterior and inferior cruciate ligaments lie deep within the joint, however are excluded from the synovial capsule

anterior- attaches to posterior aspect of the lateral condyle of the femur and anterior upper region of tibia

  • shorter
  • ACL is pulled tight and prevents hyperextension

posterior- anterior inner aspect of medial condyle and posterior upper tibia
- prevents posterior dislocation of the tibia
prevents femur sliding off the tibia

46
Q

Other important ligaments present

A

collateral ligaments- medial and lateral- reinforce hinge joint

  • prevent medial and lateral rotation in extension
  • medial fused with meniscus

oblique popliteal ligament

  • crosses the posterior of the knee joint
  • fibrous band that is an extension of the semimembranous tendon
  • resists torsional stresses
  • limits rotation when the knee locks
47
Q

Bursa present in knee

A

supra patellar bursa- beneath quadricep
prepatellar- in front of patella
subcutaneous bursa- sandwich patellar ligament

48
Q

Common knee injuries

A

menisci tears- due to excessive force from a twist or rotation

ACL injury- caused by excessive pivot, suddenly changing direction

49
Q

Tibiofibular joints structures and functions

A

superior- plane synovial between head of fibula and lateral condyle of tibia, allows fibular to rotate slightly as the talus moves

distal- syndesmoses- very little movement

50
Q

ankle joint name and articulations

A

talocrural joint

medial joint- between malleolus and distal end of tibia and talus

lateral joint- malleolus and distal end of the fibula and talus

51
Q

talocrural joint structure and function

A

compound synovial hinge joint that allows dorsiflexion and plantar flexion

malleoli of tibia and fibula overhand the talus on each side like a cap, preventing ad and abduction (limited dexterity)

52
Q

2 types of ligaments

A

medial (deltoid) ligaments - consists of 4 separate ligaments that fan out from the tibia malleolus and attach to talus, calcaneus and navicular bone, resting over eversion of foot

lateral ligaments- 3 serrate ligaments:

  • anteriotalofibular
  • calcaneoufibular
  • posterior talofibular
53
Q

Other adaptations of the foot that increases support

A

extensor and flexor retinacula- which are bands of dense connective tissue that hold the tendons in place

plantar fascia- strong layer of fibrous tissue on the sole of the foot

54
Q

subtalar joint structure explained

A

talocalcaneal- synovial plane joint

talocalcaneonavicular - synvovial ball and socket joint

curvatures of two articulating surfaces permits eversion and inversion

55
Q

Two main joint disorders explained

A

osteoarthritis- loss of hyaline cartilage between bones- wear and tear- typically large, weight bearing bones

juvenile arthitis- autoimmune disease that leads to the destruction of synovial membranes

Organisation of the Body: Gross Anatomy (9 decks)

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