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Organisation of the Body: Gross Anatomy > blood supply > Flashcards

blood supply Flashcards

1
Q

main arteries in upper limb tree

A 
subclavian
axillary
brachial
radial
ulnar
common interosseous 
palmar carpal arch 
dorsal carpal arch
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2
Q

where does subclavian start and begin?

A

bifurcation of brachiocephalic trunk into subclavian and common carotid on the left side, on the right straight from aorta into subclavian

at the end of the clavicle becomes axillary

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3
Q

axillary artery beginning and end

A

end of the clavicle, enters the axilla and supplies the deltoid, end of axilla becomes brachial

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4
Q

brachial beginning and end

A

end of axilla, supplies upper arm, bifurcates into radial and ulnar at the elbow

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5
Q

what do the radial and ulnar vessels supply?

A

ulnar supplies the medial and ulnar aspect of the forearm and hand

radial supplies the lateral and radial aspect of the forearm and hand

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6
Q

beginning and end of common interosseous

A

originates from ulnar vessel, passes through the interosseous membrane, divides into anterior and posterior branches

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7
Q

end of radial and ulnar explained

A

anastomose to form the palmar and dorsal carpal arches

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8
Q

how are the digits vascularised?

A

metacarpal and digital arteries come off the carpal arches

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9
Q

what is the venous drainage composed of?

A

two systems of veins; deep and superficial

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10
Q

explain superficial veins

A

lie in the subcutaneous tissue and have valves to prevent the back flow of blood

arise from the dorsal venous palmar arch at the back of the hand, forming the cephalic and basilica veins

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11
Q

explain deep veins

A

deep veins lie within the deep fascia and in general run alongside the arteries

deep veins have valves to prevent back flow of blood

usually two veins run alongside each artery

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12
Q

deep veins in upper limb

A

axillary vein if formed as the basilic vein passes through the fascia to join the venue commit antes of the brachial artery

axillary vein ends at the first rib to become the subclavian vein

axillary vein receives blood from cephalic vein and abdominal veins

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13
Q

4 different types of lymphatics in upper limb

A

superficial lymphatics, cubital lymph nodes, delta-pectoral lymph nodes, deep lymphatics and axillary lymph nodes

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14
Q

explain superficial lymphatics

A

lymph drains from hand via superficial lymphatics which run alongside cephalic and basilic veins

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15
Q

where does the lymph ultimately drain?

A

into the axillary lymph nodes

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16
Q

explain deep lymphatics

A

run alongside deep venous return, also terminate at axillary lymph nodes

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17
Q

where do the axillary lymph nodes drain?

A

into the subclavian lymphatic trunk which join the right lymphatic duct or the thoracic duct on the left

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18
Q

anastomosis definition

A

any connection between tube like structures

arterial anastomoses provide an alternative blood supply to target areas in cases where the primary arterial pathway is obstructed

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19
Q

where are the arterial anastomoses most abundant? + why?

A

in regions where the blood supply may be easily damaged or blocked

such as the joints and intestines

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20
Q

important nodes within the axilla

A

central nodes, composed of 3-4 large lymph nodes near the base of the axilla which receive lymph via efferent vessels from the pectoral, sub scapular and humeral axillary lymph node groups

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21
Q

where does the lymph from the central nodes drain?

A

into the apical axillary lymph nodes, which are located in the apex of the axilla

they receive lymph from efferent vessels of the central axillary nodes, therefore all axillary lymph node groups

22
Q

where else do the apical axillary nodes receive lymph from?

A

from superficial lymphatics running alongside the cephalic vein

23
Q

what is an important feature of lymphatic vessels + function?

A

valves

found in large lymph vessels and collecting vessels, absent in lymphatic capillaries

prevent the back flow of fluid

when the pressure of lymph increases in the vessel (due to more lymph or smooth muscle contraction) the valve opens, allowing fluid to move into the next chamber, called a lymphangion

as the pressure falls, the open valve closes, preventing the back flow of lymph

24
Q

what is the dominant pathway of lymph drainage from breast?

A

axillary

25
Q

arteries in leg

A

external iliac, femoral, popliteal, anterior and posterior tibial, perineal, dosarlis pedis and plantar arch

26
Q

explain passage of femoral artery

A

external iliac passes under the inguinal ligament, forming the femoral artery

femoral artery passes through the femoral triangle

continues down anterior aspect of thigh though the adductor canal, ending at the adductor hiatus

artery passes through the adductor hiatus and moves through to posterior compartment of the thigh

27
Q

what is the next artery + where does it form?

A

popliteal artery formed when femoral moves posterior

28
Q

what does the femoral artery supply?

A

anterior aspect of thigh

29
Q

passage of popliteal artery

A

moves through popliteal fossa, exciting between gastrocnemius and popliteus muscles

at lower border of the popliteus new artery forms

30
Q

what forms after the popliteal artery?

A

bifurcation into the anterior tibial artery and the tibioperoneal trunk

tibioperoneal trunk then birfucates into the posterior tibial and perineal aftery

31
Q

passage of posterior tibial artery

A

continues along the surface of the deep posterior leg muscles

enters the sole of the food via the tarsal tunnel along with the tibial nerve

32
Q

passage of perineal artery

A

descends posteriorly to the fibula within the posterior compartment of the leg - gives off branches to supply muscles in the lateraling compartment

33
Q

passage of anterior tibial artery

A

passes anterior between the tibia and fibula

runs into the foot

34
Q

what does the anterior tibial artery form?

A

dorsalis pedis

35
Q

explain passage of dorsals pedis

A

at the beginning of the foot

passes over the dorsal aspect of the tarsal bones then towards the sole of the foot

anastomoses with lateral plantar artery to form the deep plantar arch

supplies tarsal bones and dorsal aspect of metatarsals

36
Q

explain formation of deep plantar arch

A

anastamoses of dorsalis pedis and posterior tibial

37
Q

what do extra abdominal veins below the heart have?

A

valves

38
Q

valveless veins

A

brachiocephalic, portal venous system, superior vena cava, vertebral venous plexuses, thespian veins, inferior vena cava

39
Q

varicose veins definition and explained

A

superficial veins that have become enlarged and twisted

could be due to venous reflux, damaged valves

40
Q

which direction does blood travel in the veins (from which vessels)?

A

from superficial veins to deep

41
Q

what greatly impacts venous return from legs?

A

gravity

42
Q

what is this phenomenon called?

A

orthostatic, postural hypotension

43
Q

explain what happens upon standing

A
  1. gravity acts on vascular volume causing blood to accumulate in lower extremeties
  2. venous compliance is high so veins will readily expand with blood
  3. venous volume and pressure become very high in feet
  4. thoracic venous blood volume decreases and therefore central venous pressure decreases
  5. preload is decreased, leading to a reduction in stroke volume by frank starling

5, this leads to decline in cardiac output and mean arterial pressure

44
Q

what aids venous return?

A

musculovenous pump

45
Q

explain musculovenous pump

A

rhythmic contraction of limb muscles promotes venous return

46
Q

importance of fascial compartments

A

ensure there is space of veins to move,

47
Q

explain structure of fascial compartments

A

different muscles are separated into compartments separated by septa formed from fascia

48
Q

lymphatic drainage of the breast

A

three quarters into the axillary nodes, via the pectoral group around the edge of the pectorals muscle

through/between the pectoral muscles may lead directly to apical axilla nodes

lymphatics follow blood vessels through pectorals major and enter the parasternal nodes

49
Q

where can pulses be palpated?

A

in any place that allows an artery to be compressed near the surface of the body

50
Q

arterial pulse points

A

neck- carotid artery

wrist- radial artery

groin- femoral artery

knee- popliteal artery

ankle joint- posterior tibial artery

foot- dorsalis pedis

Organisation of the Body: Gross Anatomy (9 decks)

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