Spine

Question 1

Five indications for cervical spine radiography

Answer 1

Altered head/neck carriage, swelling/stiffness/pain, ataxia, history of trauma, some cases of forelimb lameness

Question 2

Purpose of oblique projections of the cervical spine

Answer 2

Evaluate synovial articulations, determine lesion laterality

Question 3

Occipital–atlanto–axial malformation syndrome
– common signalment
– definition

Answer 3

Arabians, malformation plus/minus fusion

Question 4

Cervical vertebral malformation
– “colloquial name
– two types

Answer 4

Wobblers, dynamic/static

Question 5

Cervical vertebral malformation
Dynamic 
– signalment 
– disease type 
– location on cervical spine 
– compression occurs when

Answer 5

– 8 to 18 months, mail, light breed and warm blood horses
– developmental
– C3-4, C4-5
-cranial: flexion/caudal: extension

Question 6

Cervical vertebral malformation Static
-signalment 
– disease type 
– location on cervical spine
– Compression occurs when

Answer 6

-1 to 4 years old
– degenerative
– C5-6, C6-7
– always

Question 7

Five radiographic findings of cervical vertebral malformation

Answer 7

Epiphyseal flaring, elongation of the dorsal lamina, articular process osseous proliferation, kyphosis, malalignment of adjacent vertebrae

Question 8

Intra-vertebral sagittal ratio, inter-vertebral sagittal ratio should be greater than blank in a normal horse

Answer 8

0.485

Question 9

DJD of the spine
– most commonly involved vertebrae
– six clinical signs
– radiographic findings

Answer 9

• C5 to C7, T1
  – neck stiffness, reluctance to bend, Lenice, poor performance, weakness, ataxia
  – osteophyte/enthesophyte at articular process joints, joint margins become ill-defined

Question 10

Three characteristics of normal wither’s on radiographs

Answer 10

Separate centers of ossification on the dorsal spine is processes of T2-T8,

T3 center of ossification is broad and triangular shaped,

T6 forms the highest point

Question 11

Fistulous withers
– definition
– if spinous processes are involved may cause blank
– two radiographic findings

Answer 11

– Inflammation of the supraspinous bursa (dramatic or infectious in origin)
– osteomyelitis and pathologic fracture
– trabecular bone lysis, periosteal proliferation

Question 12

Three radiographic findings of overriding spinous processes

Answer 12

Lysis, sclerosis, periosteal proliferation