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LA Radiology > Phalanges > Flashcards

Phalanges Flashcards

1
Q

What are the five projections in a foot series?

A

Lateromedial (lateral)

Dorsopalmar horizontal beam (DP)

Dorso65*proximal-palmarodistal oblique (D65Pr-PaDiO) (Solar margin)

Dorso65*proximal-palmarodistal oblique (D65Pr-PaDiO) (Collimated DP oblique)

Palmaroproximal-palmarodistal oblique (PaPr-PaDiO) (skyline)

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2
Q

Purpose of the lateral view in the foot series

Two purposes

A

Alignment of phones relative to each other and relative to the hoof capsule

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3
Q

Purpose of the DP in the foot series

Three purposes

A

Good Balance, sole depth, joint spaces

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4
Q

Purpose of the Dorso65*proximal-palmarodistal oblique (D65Pr-PaDiO) (Solar margin) in the foot series

Three purposes

A

Evaluate solar margin and vascular channels of the distal phalanx

Evaluate Pomar and dorsal borders and articular surface of the distal interphalangeal joint or coffin joint

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5
Q

Purpose of the Dorso65*proximal-palmarodistal oblique (D65Pr-PaDiO) (Collimated DP oblique) in the foot series

Why is this view collimated so much?

A

Evaluate the navicular bone,

The collimation reduce a scatter and the shot is done at a 65 Degree angle to pull the navicular bone off the distal interphalangeal joint

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6
Q

Palmaroproximal-palmarodistal oblique (PaPr-PaDiO) (skyline) - purpose in the foot series

Two purposes

A

View of navicular bone – trabecular and cortical bone differentiation

Palmar processes of P3

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7
Q

How to take the lateral DP in the foot series

-four characteristics

A

Both feet on blocks

Center beam on coronary band

Detector perpendicular to x-ray beam

Film focal distance equals 30 to 40 cm

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8
Q

How to:
Dorso65*proximal-palmarodistal oblique (D65Pr-PaDiO) (Solar margin)

Three characteristics

A

Stand on tunnel containing detector

Center beam on coronary band

May need to decrease technique to avoid burnout of P3

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9
Q

How to:
Dorso65*proximal-palmarodistal oblique (D65Pr-PaDiO) (Collimated DP oblique)

4 characteristics

A

Stand on tunnel containing detector

Center beam on coronary band

Collimate on navicular bone

Increase mAs if needed

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10
Q

How to:

Palmaroproximal-palmarodistal oblique (PaPr-PaDiO) (skyline)

Four characteristics

A

Position Limb caudal relative to contralateral limb

Stand on tunnel containing detector

Center beam between the heel bulbs

Angle is very individual horse dependent

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11
Q

A view useful for evaluating Palmer processes of P3

A

Dorso65proximal45medial-palmarodistolateral (medial process)

Dorso65proximal45lateral-palmarodistomedial (lateral process)

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12
Q

What is different about the detector when radiographing the pastern

A

The detector is placed parallel to the angle of the pastern

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13
Q

A common incidental finding on the oblique projection of the pastern

What attaches here

A

Mild and these apathy of the dorsal medial and dorsal lateral margins of P2

The collateral sesamoidean ligaments insert here

Cysts in the DIPJ can also be seen on this view

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14
Q

Name of the well-defined focal concavity in the solar margin of the toe

What is a common diagnosis found at the site

A

Crena marginalis

Keratoma

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15
Q

Four other names for degenerative joint disease

A

DJD, osteoarthritis, osteoarthropathy, osteoarthrosis (OA)

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16
Q

Three characteristics of early or mild DJD

3

A

Increased intracapsular soft tissue (effusion and or synovial proliferation)

Osteophyte formation

Enthesophyte formation

17
Q

Radiographic changes with late DJD

4

A

Narrowing of the joint space

Subchondral bone sclerosis

Areas of subchondral bone lysis

Ankylosis

18
Q

Low ring bone

Definition

Four characteristics including comparing early versus advanced

Osteophytes tend to be more lucent then…

A

DJD of the DIPJ

The IPJ tolerates very little arthritic change as it is a high motion joint

Early – osteophytes along the articular margins as seen in the lateral projection

Advanced – extensive osteophyte and periosteal new bone along the distal aspect of P2 and joint space narrowing

The adjacent extensor process

19
Q

High ring bone

Definition + 3 radio graphic changes

DP projection (3)

Lateral projection (2)

Oblique (2)

A

DJD of the PIPJ

Osteophytes/enthesoophytes, joint space narrowing, subchondral bone opacity changes

Best view to evaluate joint space narrowing, scrutinized trabecular bone adjacent to sub chondral bone plate carefully to look for sclerosis, lysis, cyst like lesions

Periosteal proliferation along the dorsal margin of the joint and difficult to appreciate narrowing on this view

Useful for lesion showing extent an exact location and joint and arrow and can also be appreciated

20
Q

Fractures of the flanges are relatively…

Usually occur during…

Occasionally occur from…

A

Common

Athletic activity

From the horse kicking a stationary object such as a wall

21
Q

Distal phalanx fracture classification

A

I - not articular palmar process fracture (wing)
II - articular Palmer process fracture (wing)
III - sagittal articular fracture
IV - extensor process fracture
V - comminuted articular fracture
VI - Solar margin fracture
VII - Solar margin fracture (foal)

22
Q

Fracture of the middle phalanx

Most commonly seen in which horses?

Two common characteristics of these fractures

Often use what other modality when evaluating these fractures

A

Polo and reining horses, activities that require sliding and turns on the hindquarters

Comminution and involve articular surfaces

CT

23
Q

Fractures of the proximal phalanx

Can start out as…

A

Sagittal groove lysis but can quickly progressed to either an incomplete or complete fracture and maybe sagittal or comminuted

24
Q

Incomplete fracture of P1

Begin at…

Extend how far?

When to radiograph?

A

Proximal articular surface in the sagittal groove

Can extend a variable distance but do not exit

Acute phase may not see on radiograph, we radiograph 7 to 10 days later

25
Q

Laminitis

Definition

Clinical signs - 6

Basic radiographic signs – 4

A

Inflammation of the laminate in the hoof

Severe lameness, pain localized to the foot, increase digital pulses, heat and distal limb, saw horse stance, reluctant to move

Laminar edema, thinking, rotation, radiolucent line endorse a half wall equal gas between sensitive and insensitive lamina

26
Q

Laminitis

Two views

Metallic markers along blank and blank

A

Lateral and solar margin view

Dorsal hoof wall and coronary band

27
Q

Characteristics of chronic laminitis – 3

A

Remodeling of the distal phalanx

Flaring, ski tip or irregularity of the dorsal border of the distal phalanx

Resorption of the distal phalanx and severely misshapen and in to have capsule

28
Q

Osteomyelitis definition

When visible on radiographs?

Causes - 3

What is different about P3

A

Ill-defined lysis with or without periosteal proliferation

10 to 14 days following injury

Penetrating wound, Iatrogenic, extension of subsolar abscess

P3 has no medullary cavity and a modified periosteum therefore there is very little periosteal reaction and should be termed septic osteitis

29
Q

Bone cyst

Two other names

Manifestation of

Typically occurs at

A

Subchondral bone cyst, osseous cyst like lesion

Osteochondrosis

Adjacent to any joint, typically at joint service, distal P1, proximal P2

30
Q

Keratoma

Definition

Grow as blank and result in blank

Commonly seen with

Rule out…

A

Benign tumor that arises from the keratin containing cells of the laminar of the hoof

Grow a soft tissue masses within the half capsule and result in resorption of P3

Recurring abscesses

Prominent crena marginalis

31
Q

Side bone definition

Common breeds

Common causes

Quittor definition

A

Ossification of the collateral cartilages of the foot

Draft and warm bloods

Poor confirmation and poor shoeing

Abscessation and necrosis of the collateral cartilage with fistulous Tract

LA Radiology (14 decks)

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