Skull Flashcards
Four indications for school radiography
– Sinonasal disease
– trauma
– dental disease
– laryngeal evaluation
Three limitations of skull radiography
Complex 3-D anatomy/super imposition, small lesions may be missed, Limited evaluation of CNS
Guttural pouches
– dorsal border:
– ventral border:
Dorsal-base of skull and Atlas
Ventral-pharynx and cranial esophagus
**Guttural pouches
Lateral commitment:
medial compartment:
L – CN VII, external carotid
M - CN IX-XII, internal carotid artery, continuation of sympathetic trunk
Dorsal displacement of the soft palate
- soft palate displaced dorsal to…
– Usually occurs when?
Epiglottis, maximal exercise
Aryepiglotic entrapment
- Folds move blank and entrap blank
- how to recognize on radiograph
- dorsally/epiglottis
- loss of gas capacity between the two structures
Guttural pouches
- purulent material
- what occurs when there is chronic purulent material
- empyema
- chronic empyema: inspissation of the purulent material (chondroid)
-Over expansion of guttural pouch with air is called blank
– normal signalment
– can cause blank
Tympany, young horses, dysphasia
Tympanic bullae -how does the structures of the blank – extends from the blank portion of the bone – easier to evaluate on blank – articulates with blank
– Middle ear (auditory ossicles)
– petrous portion/Temporal bone
– DV
– stylohyoid bone
Temporohyoid osteoarthropathy – definition – often involves much of the blank – clinical science related to blank – six clinical signs
– thickening, sclerosis, periosteal proliferation at the junction of the temporal bone and stylohyoid
– stylohyoid bone
– CN7 and 8
– headshaking, peripheral vestibular signs, ptosis, ear droop, muzzle pulled to opposite side, ipsilateral corneal ulcer
The frontal and caudal aspect of the dorsal conchal sinuses connect and are collectively referred to as blank.
They drain into blank the blank
connection with nasal cavity?
Conchofrontal sinuses
Caudal maxillary sinus/frontomaxillary aperture
No
**rostral and caudal maxillary sinuses are separated by blank and contain blank
Septum, roots of PM4, M1, M2, M3
**medial part of the caudal maxillary sinus continues to the blank
SphenoPalantine sinus
**Medial part of the rostral maxillary sinus continues to the blank
Ventral nasal concha
**Rostral and caudal maxillary sinuses share blank with blank of the nasal cavity
Slit – like communication with the middle meatus
**Blank runs through the maxillary sinuses
Infraorbital canal
Ethmoid hematoma
– definition
– typical location
– clinical sign
- Slowly expanding angiomatous masses that originate from the mucosal lining of the ethmoid Conchae
- within caudal nasal cavity but may extend into frontal, dorsal conchal and maxillary sinuses
- unilateral epistaxis
4 clinical signs of sinusitis
Mucopurulent nasal discharge, stertorous breathing, facial swelling, epiphora
Secondary sinusitis
– most common calls
– most common location
– Pus can overflow from blank to blank
- dental disease
– PM4, M 1–3 roots in the maxillary sinus, maxillary to the Conchofrontal sinus
Seven indications for dental radiographs
Dental pain, focal soft tissue swelling, draining track, dysphasia, chronic weight loss, suspected trauma, nasal discharge
Paranasal sinus cysts – definition – typical signalment – most commonly affected sinus – etiology
- slow-growing mass in the sinuses
– younger horses
– maxillary sinus
– unknown but I may be of dental origin
Paranasal sinus cysts
– three clinical signs
- three radiographic findings
– dyspnea, facial swelling, nasal discharge
- increased soft tissue a Pacitti, distortion of the nasal concha and sinuses, displacement of the nasal septum
Juvenile ossifying fibroma – definition – typical signalment – two radiographic findings – blank for final diagnosis
– Locally aggressive tumor of the intramembranous bone of the mandible
– young horses: 2 to 14 months old
– osseous proliferation, cortical lysis
– histopathology
