Skull

Question 1

Four indications for school radiography

Answer 1

– Sinonasal disease
– trauma
– dental disease
– laryngeal evaluation

Question 2

Three limitations of skull radiography

Answer 2

Complex 3-D anatomy/super imposition, small lesions may be missed, Limited evaluation of CNS

Question 3

Guttural pouches
– dorsal border:
– ventral border:

Answer 3

Dorsal-base of skull and Atlas

Ventral-pharynx and cranial esophagus

Question 4

**Guttural pouches
Lateral commitment:
medial compartment:

Answer 4

L – CN VII, external carotid

M - CN IX-XII, internal carotid artery, continuation of sympathetic trunk

Question 5

Dorsal displacement of the soft palate

• soft palate displaced dorsal to…
  – Usually occurs when?

Answer 5

Epiglottis, maximal exercise

Question 6

Aryepiglotic entrapment

• Folds move blank and entrap blank
• how to recognize on radiograph

Answer 6

• dorsally/epiglottis

- loss of gas capacity between the two structures

Question 7

Guttural pouches

• purulent material
• what occurs when there is chronic purulent material

Answer 7

• empyema

- chronic empyema: inspissation of the purulent material (chondroid)

Question 8

-Over expansion of guttural pouch with air is called blank
– normal signalment
– can cause blank

Answer 8

Tympany, young horses, dysphasia

Question 9

Tympanic bullae 
-how does the structures of the blank 
– extends from the blank portion of the bone 
– easier to evaluate on blank 
– articulates with blank

Answer 9

– Middle ear (auditory ossicles)
– petrous portion/Temporal bone
– DV
– stylohyoid bone

Question 10

Temporohyoid osteoarthropathy 
– definition 
– often involves much of the blank 
– clinical science related to blank 
– six clinical signs

Answer 10

– thickening, sclerosis, periosteal proliferation at the junction of the temporal bone and stylohyoid
– stylohyoid bone
– CN7 and 8
– headshaking, peripheral vestibular signs, ptosis, ear droop, muzzle pulled to opposite side, ipsilateral corneal ulcer

Question 11

The frontal and caudal aspect of the dorsal conchal sinuses connect and are collectively referred to as blank.

They drain into blank the blank

connection with nasal cavity?

Answer 11

Conchofrontal sinuses

Caudal maxillary sinus/frontomaxillary aperture

No

Question 12

**rostral and caudal maxillary sinuses are separated by blank and contain blank

Answer 12

Septum, roots of PM4, M1, M2, M3

Question 13

**medial part of the caudal maxillary sinus continues to the blank

Answer 13

SphenoPalantine sinus

Question 14

**Medial part of the rostral maxillary sinus continues to the blank

Answer 14

Ventral nasal concha

Question 15

**Rostral and caudal maxillary sinuses share blank with blank of the nasal cavity

Answer 15

Slit – like communication with the middle meatus

Question 16

**Blank runs through the maxillary sinuses

Answer 16

Infraorbital canal

Question 17

Ethmoid hematoma
– definition
– typical location
– clinical sign

Answer 17

• Slowly expanding angiomatous masses that originate from the mucosal lining of the ethmoid Conchae
• within caudal nasal cavity but may extend into frontal, dorsal conchal and maxillary sinuses
• unilateral epistaxis

Question 18

4 clinical signs of sinusitis

Answer 18

Mucopurulent nasal discharge, stertorous breathing, facial swelling, epiphora

Question 19

Secondary sinusitis
– most common calls
– most common location
– Pus can overflow from blank to blank

Answer 19

• dental disease

– PM4, M 1–3 roots in the maxillary sinus, maxillary to the Conchofrontal sinus

Question 20

Seven indications for dental radiographs

Answer 20

Dental pain, focal soft tissue swelling, draining track, dysphasia, chronic weight loss, suspected trauma, nasal discharge

Question 21

Paranasal sinus cysts 
– definition  
– typical signalment 
– most commonly affected sinus 
– etiology

Answer 21

• slow-growing mass in the sinuses
  – younger horses
  – maxillary sinus
  – unknown but I may be of dental origin

Question 22

Paranasal sinus cysts
– three clinical signs
- three radiographic findings

Answer 22

– dyspnea, facial swelling, nasal discharge

- increased soft tissue a Pacitti, distortion of the nasal concha and sinuses, displacement of the nasal septum

Question 23

Juvenile ossifying fibroma 
– definition 
– typical signalment 
– two radiographic findings 
– blank for final diagnosis

Answer 23

– Locally aggressive tumor of the intramembranous bone of the mandible
– young horses: 2 to 14 months old
– osseous proliferation, cortical lysis
– histopathology