Spinal Tracts and nerve root's

Question 1

Ascending tracts relay _ _ to the _ and _.

Answer 1

Ascending tracts relay SENSORY INFORMATION to the CEREBELLUM AND CEREBRUM

Question 2

Which 3 ascending tracts are located dorsally in the spinal cord?

Answer 2

Fasciculus cuneatus
Fasciculus gracillis
Spinocerebellar

Question 3

Which 2 ascending tracts are responsible for trunk and neck proprioception, two-point discrimination, graphethesia? Which one is also responsible for the UE? LE?

Answer 3

Fasciculus Cuneatus (upper extremities)

Fasciculus Gracillis (lower extremities)

Question 4

The _ _ tract has dorsal and ventral fibers that send to the cerebellum.

Answer 4

The SPINOCEREBELLER TRACT

Question 5

The _ fibers of the spinocerebellar tract are responsible for ipsilateral subconscious proprioception, tension in muscles, joint sense and posture of the trunk and LE’s.

Answer 5

The DORSAL fibers of the spinocerebellar . . .

Question 6

The ventral fibers of the spinocerebellar tract, include some fibers that _ with subsequent _ at the level of the pons. They are responsible for Ipsilateral _ proprioception, tension in _, _ sense, and _ of the trunk, UE’s and _.

Answer 6

. . . Include some fibers that CROSS with subsequent RE-CROSSING at the level of the pons.

They are responsible for Ipsilateral SUBCONSCIOUS proprioception, tension in MUSCLES, JOINT sense, and POSTURE of the trunk UE’S and LE’S

Question 7

Which sensory afferent tract ascends to the cerebellum and relays information form cutaneous and proprioceptive organs?

Answer 7

SPINO-OLIVARY TRACT

Question 8

Which sensory afferent tract is an afferent pathway for the reticular formation that influences level of consciousness?

Answer 8

SPINORETICULAR

Question 9

Which sensory afferent tract provides information for spino-visual reflexes and assists with movement of the eyes and head towards a stimulus?

Answer 9

SPINOTECTAL TRACT

Question 10

What sensory afferent tract has two tracts of fibers that run anteriorly and laterally? Which one is responsible for light touch and pressure? Which on provides pain and temperature sensation?

Answer 10

SPINOTHALAMIC TRACT
-Anterior: light touch and pressure

-Lateral: pain and temperature sensation

Question 11

The _ _ of the spinal cord are involved with voluntary motor function, muscle tone, reflexes, equilibrium, visceral intervention, and modulation of ascending sensory signals.

Answer 11

The DESCENDING TRACTS of the spinal . . .

Question 12

Which descending tract is the largest, and originates in the cerebral cortex? Name the 2 pathways.

Answer 12

CORTICOSPINAL TRACT

-lateral and anterior pathways

Question 13

Which branch of the corticospinal tract is responsible for Ipsilateral voluntary, discrete and skilled movements? Which on is responsible for contralateral voluntary fine movements?

Answer 13

Anterior- IPSILATERAL
-voluntary, discrete and skilled movements

Lateral- CONTRALATERAL
-voluntary fine movements

Question 14

Damage to the _ (_) tracts results in a positive babinski sign, absent superficial abdominal and cremasteric reflexes, and loss of fine motor or skilled voluntary movement.

Answer 14

Damage to the CORTICOSPINAL (PYRAMIDAL) tracts results in . . .

Question 15

The _ tract is a Extrapyramidal motor tract that is responsible for facilitation or inhibition of voluntary and reflex activity through the influence of alpha and gamma motor neurons.

Answer 15

RECTICULOSPINAL TRACT

Question 16

The _ tract is an Extrapyramidal motor tract that provides motor input of gross postural tone, facilitating activity of flexor muscles, and inhibiting activity of extensor muscles.

Answer 16

RUBROSPINAL TRACT

Question 17

The _ tract is an Extrapyramidal tract that is responsible for contralateral postural muscle tone associated with auditory/ visual stimuli

Answer 17

The TECTOSPINAL tract

Question 18

The _ tract is an Extrapyramidal tract that is responsible for Ipsilateral gross postural adjustments subsequent to head movements, facilitating activity of the extensor muscles and inhibiting activity of the flexor muscles.

Answer 18

The VESTIBULOSPINAL TRACT

Question 19

Which of the descending motor tracts is responsible for facilitating activity of the flexor muscles and inhibiting extensor muscle activation? Which on does the opposite- facilitates activity of extensor muscles and inhibits flexor muscle activation?

Answer 19

RUBROSPINAL
-activates flexors, inhibits extensors

VESTIBULOSPINAL
-activates extensors, and inhibits flexors

Question 20

Which motor tracts do NOT cross/ provide contralateral innervation?

Answer 20

CORTICOSPINAL TRACT (lateral pathway)
-fine voluntary movement 

TECTOSPINAL TRACT
-postural muscle tone associated with auditory/ visual stimuli

Question 21

Damage to the _ _ results in significant paralysis, hypertonicity, exaggerated deep tendon reflexes, and clasp-knife reaction.

Answer 21

Damage to the EXTRAPYRAMIDAL TRACTS results in . . .

Question 22

The _ _ _ (_) contains nerves ha originate within the brain and spinal cord and end peripherally.

Answer 22

The PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS)

Question 23

Most peripheral nerves contain () and _ (_) components. Where does each component originate in the spinal cord?

Answer 23

Most peripheral nerves contain MOTOR (EFFERENT) AND SENSORY (AFFERENT) components

Motor nerves- originate in the ANTERIOR HORN OF SPINAL CORD

Sensory nerves- originate in the DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA

Question 24

The _ _ of the ANS originate in the lateral horn of the thoracic spinal cord. The _ _ of the ANS originate in the lateral gray matter of the sacral level of the spinal cord and from the brain itself.

Answer 24

The SYMPATHETIC NERVES of the ANS
-lateral horn of the spinal cord

The PARASYMPATHETIC NERVES of the ANS
-lateral gray matter of the sacral level, and the brain

Question 25

How are peripheral nerves classified?

Answer 25

By axon diameter or speed of conduction

Question 26

The _ of _ are brief gaps in myelination of an axon. They serve to facilitate _ _ of a _ _ via jumping from gap node to gap node.

Answer 26

The NODES OF RANVIER are brief gaps in . . . They serve to facilitate RAPID CONDUCTION of NERVE IMPULSE via . . .

Question 27

_ _ is an action potential moving along an axon in a jump in fashion from node to node. It decreases the use of _ _ _ and increases the _ of _.

Answer 27

SALTATORY CONDUCTION is an action . . . It decreases the use of SODIUM POTASSIUM PUMPS and increase the SPEED OF CONDUCTION

Question 28

_ _ cover the nerve fibers within the peripheral nervous system and form the myelin sheath.

Answer 28

SCHWANN CELLS

Question 29

What classification of nerve is characterized by large fibers, myelination, and high conduction rate? Name the 4 subsets.

Answer 29

A FIBERS 4 subsets: -alpha, beta, gamma, delta

Question 30

Which subset of type A nerve fibers innervates alpha motor neurons, muscle spindle primary endings, Golgi tendon organs and touch receptors.

Answer 30

ALPHA

Question 31

Which subset (type A fibers) innervates touch receptors, Kinesthesia, muscle spindle secondary fibers?

Answer 31

Beta

Question 32

_ fibers provide innervation for touch, pressure, and gamma motor neurons.

Answer 32

GAMMA fibers provide innervation for

Question 33

Delta fibers are associated with _, _, _ and _.

Answer 33

PAIN, TOUCH, PRESSURE and TEMPERATURE

Question 34

What are the 3 sensory components of the type A PNS nerve fibers?

Answer 34

MUSCLE SPINDLE (PRIMARY AND SECONDARY AFFERENT ENDINGS) GOLGI TENDON ORGAN

Question 35

Which muscle spindle ending responds to low-threshold stretch? Responds to changes in muscle length?

Answer 35

PRIMARY AFFERENT ENDINGS -low-threshold stretch SECONDARY AFFERENT ENDINGS -changes in muscle length

Question 36

The _ _ _ responds to tension/ stretch of a tendon.

Answer 36

The GOLGI TENDON ORGAN responds to . . .

Question 37

_ _ are medium sized nerve fibers that are myelinated, have a reasonable fast conduction rate, and include the pre-ganglion if fibers of the ANS.

Answer 37

B FIBERS are medium . . .

Question 38

_ _ are small fibers that are either poorly myelinated or unmyelinated, they have a slower conduction rate, and include post-ganglionic fibers of the sympathetic system, and exteroreceptors for pain, temperature and touch.

Answer 38

C FIBERS are small fibers . . .

Question 39

The _ nerve root's dermatome covers the vertex of the skull, is not associated with any muscle innervation or reflexes.

Answer 39

The C1 nerve root's . . .

Question 40

The C2 nerve root's dermatome covers the _, _ and _. Name the 3 muscles that are innervated at the C2 level?

Answer 40

Dermatome covers the FOREHEAD, OCCIPUT, AND TEMPLE 3 muscles: -LONGUS COLLI, SCM, RECTUS CAPITUS

Question 41

Which nerve root's dermatome covers the entire neck, posterior cheek, temporal area, prolongation forward under the mandible? Damage will cause muscle weakness in the _ and Splenius _. Will result in parathesias of the _ and _ of _.

Answer 41

C3 Damage will cause muscle weakness in the TRAPEZIUS and Splenius CAPITIS Will result in parathesias of the CHEEK and SIDE OF NECK

Question 42

The _ nerve root's dermatome covers the shoulder and clavicular areas, and upper scapular area? _ and _ _ muscles will be weak if damaged.

Answer 42

C4 NERVE ROOT TRAPEZIUS and LEVATOR SCAPULAE muscles will . . .

Question 43

C5 nerve root's dermatome covers the _ area, the anterior aspect of the _ _ to the base of _ _.

Answer 43

Dermatome covers the DELTOID area, the anterior aspect of the ENTIRE ARM to the base of THE THUMB

Question 44

What 4 muscles will be weak if the C5 nerve root is damaged? What 2 reflexes will be affected?

Answer 44

4 MUSCLES -supraspinatus, infraspinatus, deltoid, biceps 2 REFLEXES -biceps and brachioradialis

Question 45

The _ nerve root's dermatome covers the anterior arm, radial side of hand to thumb and the index finger? If damaged what area will develop parathesia?

Answer 45

The C6 NERVE ROOT . . . Parathesia: -thumb and index finger

Question 46

The C7 nerve root's dermatome covers the lateral arm and forearm to _, _ and _ fingers.

Answer 46

To INDEX, LONG, and RING fingers (middle 3)

Question 47

Which nerve root if damaged will cause weakness in the triceps and wrist flexors (wrist extensors rarely but sometimes affected)?

Answer 47

C7

Question 48

Which nerve root if damaged will weaken the biceps, supinator and wrist extensor muscles? Will also affect which 2 reflexes?

Answer 48

C6 Biceps and brachioradialis reflexes

Question 49

Which nerve root if damaged will affect the tricep reflex?

Answer 49

C7

Question 50

The _ nerve root covers the medial arm and forearm to the long, ring, and little fingers. Will have weakness in the _ deviators, _ extensors, and thumb _ (rarely _) muscles.

Answer 50

The C8 nerve root . . . Will have weakness in the ULNAR deviators, THUMB extensors, and thumb ABDUCTORS (rarely TRICEPS) muscles.