Neuroanatomy Flashcards
The _ or _ is made up of the telencephalon and the diencephalon.
The FOREBRAIN or PROSENCEPHALON is made up of the . . .
What are the 3 main parts of brain?
Forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain
What are the 3 main components of the CNS?
Brain, brainstem and spinal cord
The telencephalon is made up of what 4 parts of the brain?
BACH
- basal ganlglia
- amygdala
- cerebrum
- hippocampus
The diencephalon is made up of what 4 parts?
SETH
- subthalamus
- epithalamus
- thalamus
- hypothalamus
The _ or _ is made up of the tectum and tegmentum.
The MIDBRAIN or MESENCEPHALON is made up of. . .
The _ consists of the superior and inferior colliculi.
The TECTUM consists of the . . .
The _ includes the cerebral aqueduct, periaqueductal grey, reticular formation, substantia Nigra and the red nucleus.
The TEGMENTUM includes the . . .
The hindbrain or rhombencephalon includes what two major areas?
M & M
- metencephalon
- myelencephalon
The brainstem is made up of the _, _ _, and the _. The brainstem incorporates the _ with specific sections of the _.
The brain stem is made up of the PONS, MEDULLA OBLONGATA, and the MIDBRAIN
The brain stem incorporate the MIDBRAIN with specific sections of the HINDBRAIN.
The _ _ has an inner core of grey matter and superficial white matter.
The SPINAL CORD has an inner . . .
The CNS is covered in a system of _ and is suspended in _ _ and surrounded by the _ and _ _ for protection. It is the main center where _ and _ of nervous system information occurs.
The CNS is covered in a system of MENINGES and is suspended in CEREBROSPINAL FLUID and is surrounded by the SKULL and VERTEBRAL COLUMN for protection.
It is the main center where INTEGRATION and COORDINATION of the nervous system information occurs.
What consists of unmyelinated neurons and contains capillaries, glial cells, cell bodies an dendrites?
GREY MATTER
White matter consists of _ axons and contains _ _ without _.
Consists of MYELINATED axons and contains NERVE FIBERS without DENDRITES.
What are the 3 funiculi divisions of white matter in the spinal cord?
LAD
-LATERAL, ANTERIOR AND DORSAL COLUMNS
The brain is divided into _ and _ _ _. Each contains which 4 lobes?
The brain is divided into LEFT and RIGHT CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES.
Each hemispheres includes which 4 lobes:
- Frontal
- temporal
- parietal
- occipital
How many pairs of cranial nerves are there? Where do they exit?
12 pairs of cranial nerves
Exit the skull through the foramina
There are _ pairs of spinal nerves that exit the _ _ through the _ _. Give the number of nerves that exit each region of the spinal cord. Together they make up the?
There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves that exit the VERTEBRAL COLUMN through the INTERVERTEBRAL FORAMINA.
8 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacral 1 coccygeal
Together they make up the peripheral nervous system (PNS)
The PNS is made up of bundles of nerve fibers and axons that are supported by _ _ and _ _ to the _.
Made up of . . . That are supported by CONNECTIVE TISSUE and CONDUCT INFORMATION to the CNS.
Spinal nerves each contain an anterior root that carries information _ from the _, aka _ fibers. How can you remember?
Each contain an anterior root that carries information AWAY from the CNS, aka EFFERENT fibers
EFFERENT FIBERS EXIT THE CNS ANTERIORLY
Spinal nerves each have a posterior root that carries information regarding _ _ the _, aka _ fibers. Associated acronym?
Spinal nerves each have a posterior root that carries information regarding SENSATION TO the CNS, aka AFFERENT fibers.
PAST
-Posterior root, Afferent nerves, Sensation input Towards the CNS
_ are clusters or swellings of cells that give rise to the peripheral and central nerve fibers. Divided into which 2 catagories?
GANGLIA
Divided into:
- sensory ganglia
- autonomic ganglia
2 divisions of the ANS? And function of each.
Parasympathetic nervous system (rest and digest)
-conserves and restores energy, and generally involved in inhibitory response
Sympathetic nervous system (fight or flight)
-prepares body for emergency response and generally involves a stimulatory response
What are the neurotransmitters associated with the PSNS and SNS?
PSNS: inhibitory response= ACETYLCHOLINE (ACH)
SNS: stimulatory response= NOREPINEPHRINE
The ANS is concerned with innervation for _ _, _ _, _ _ and _. Largely produces an _ response.
ANS is concerned with innervation for INVOLUNTARY PROCESSES, INTERNAL ORGANS, SMOOTH MUSCLE and GLANDS.
Largely produces an AUTOMATIC response (unconscious)
The _ _ _ is made of peripheral and motor nerve fibers.
The SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM is made. . .
Peripheral nerve fibers send _ _ to the _, whereas motor nerve fibers send _ to the _ _. Somatic motor neurons travel _ to _ _ without _ _.
Peripheral nerve fibers send SENSORY INFORMATION to the CNS, where as motor nerve fibers send INFORMATION to the SKELETAL MUSCLES
Somatic motor neurons travel DIRECTLY to SKELETAL MUSCLE without INTERVENING SYNAPSES.
The Somatic nervous system controls all _ movements and provides the ability to sense _, _, _, _ and _.
The somatic nervous system controls all VOLUNTARY movements and provides the ability to sense TOUCH, SMELL, TASTE, SIGHT and SOUND.
The _ _ includes the corpus callosum, olfactory tract, mammillary bodies, for nix, thalamic nuclei, amygdala, hippocampus, parahippocampal gyrus, cingulate gyrus and hypothalamic nuclei.
The LIMBIC SYSTEM includes . . .
The limbic system is involved in the control and expression of _ and _, processing and storage of _ _, olfaction, control of _ and _ _ to food.
Involved in the control and expression of MOOD and EMOTION, processing and storage of RECENT MEMORY, olfaction, control of APPETITE, and EMOTIONAL RESPONSES to food. (Emotions)
Lesions to the limbic system can result in a variety of behaviors including: _, extreme _, altered _ behavior, and changes in _.
Can result in a variety of behaviors including: AGRESSION Extreme FEARFULNESS Altered SEXUAL behavior Changes in MOTIVATION
The _ influences all internal organs, blood vessels, pupils and muscles of the eye, and sweat salivary and digestive glands as they relate to homeostasis. It also controls blood pressure, heart and respiratory rates, body temperature, digestion, metabolism, electrolyte balance, sexual response and other bodily processes.
The ANS influences . . .
Disorders of the ANS may affect any _ _ or _, and can result from _ _ that damages autonomic nerves or there may be _ _ to the system. They can also be _ or _ in nature.
Disorders of the ANS may affect any BODY PART OR PROCESS
Can result from OUTSIDE PATHOLOGY (diabetes or alcoholism) that damages nerves or there may be PRIMARY DAMAGE to the system
They can also be PROGRESSIVE or REVERSIBLE in nature
ANS disorders are typically treated with _ _.
Typically treated with PHARMALOGICAL INTERVENTION
What is the name of the fissure that separates the left and right cerebral hemispheres?
INTERHEMISPHERIC OR MEDIAL LONGITUDINAL fissure
The Sylvian or lateral fissure- anterior portion separates which 2 lobes? Posterior portion?
Anterior portion separates the temporal and frontal lobes (FAT)
Posterior portion separates the temporal and parietal lobes (TPP)
The _ _ or _ of _ separates the frontal and parietal lobes laterally. The _ -_ _ separates the parietal and occipital lobes medially. The _ _ separates the occipital lobe into superior and inferior halves.
CENTRAL SULCUS or SULCUS of ROLANDO- separates the frontal and parietal lobes laterally
PARIETO-OCCIPITAL SULCUS separates the occipital and parietal lobes
CALCARINE sulcus separates the inferior and superior halves of the occipital lobe
Which hemisphere of the brain is responsible for: nonverbal processing, artistic abilities, general concept comprehension, understanding of music, mathematical reasoning and understanding of non verbal communication?
Right
Which hemisphere is responsible for understanding and producing (written & verbal) language, mathematical calculations, analytical, rational and logical thinking?
Left
Which hemisphere is responsible for expressing positive emotions such as love and happiness, and processing verbally and sequencing and performance of movements?
Left
Which hemisphere of the brain is involved in hand-eye coordination, spatial awareness, kinesthetic awareness, expressing negative emotions, and body image awareness?
Right
Which lobe of the brain controls voluntary movement; affects personality, temper, judgement, reasoning, and executive functions; and contains Broca’s area?
Frontal lobe
Which lobe of the brain is associated with sensation of touch, Kinesthesia, perception of vibration, and temperature; receives information from other areas of the brain regarding hearing, vision, motor, sensory and memory and interprets language and words?
Parietal
Which lobe of the brain provides meaning for objects and is involved in spatial and visual perception?
Parietal
Which lobe of the brain is involved in primary auditory processing and olfaction, contains Wernicke’s area, and enables humans to interpret other people’s emotions and reactions?
Temporal
Which lobe is the main processing center for visual information, and processes information regarding color, light and shapes; and controls judgements of distance and seeing in 3-D?
Occipital lobe
Which area of the brain is typically located in the left hemisphere and controls speech and concentration?
BROCA’S area
Which area of the brain is typically located in the left hemisphere and controls the ability to understand and produce meaningful speech, verbal and general memory and assists with understanding of language?
WERNICKE’S area
Damage to which part of the cerebrum could result in learning deficits, antisocial and aggressive behaviors, difficulty with facial recognition, difficulty with memory or memory loss, and an inability to categorize objects?
Temporal lobe damage
If the _ hemisphere of the parietal lobe is damaged it will result in agraphia, alexia, and agnosia. Where is it typically located?
If the DOMINANT HEMISPHERE of the parietal . . .
Typically the dominant hemisphere is on the LEFT
If damage occurs in the - hemisphere of the parietal lobe impairments can include dressing apraxia, constructional apraxia, and anosognosia. Usually located in the?
If damage occurs in the NON-DOMINANT HEMISPHERE of the parietal lobe. . .
Usually located on the RIGHT hemisphere
Damage to which lobe of the brain can result in contralateral weakness, perseveration, in attention, personality changes, antisocial behavior, impaired concentration, apathy, delayed and/ or poor initiation and emotional lability?
Frontal lobe
Damage to which lobe of the brain can result in contralateral sensory deficits, impaired language comprehension, and impaired taste?
Parietal lobe
Which lobe of the brain if damaged may cause homonymous hemianopsia, imparted extra ocular muscle movements, visual deficits, impaired color recognition, reading and writing impairment and cortical blindness?
Occipital lobe
Which part of the brain is deeply embedded in the lower temporal lobe and is responsible for the process of forming and storing new memories of one’s personal history and declarative memory?
Hippocampus
The hippocampus is also known as the ‘memory indexer’ because it _ memories to the appropriate areas of the _ _ for - _ and is able to _ memories when needed.
Because it SENDS memories to the appropriate areas of the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE for LONG-TERM STORAGE and is able to RETRIEVE memories when needed.
The _ _ are gray matter masses located deep within the white matter of the cerebrum and includes the caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, substantia Nigra, and subthalamic nuclei?
The BASAL GANGLIA . . . .
The basal ganglia are collectively responsible for _ movement, regulation of _ movement, _, muscle _, and control of _ responses.
Are collectively responsible for VOLUNTARY movement, regulation of AUTONOMIC movement, POSTURE, muscle TONE, and control of MOTOR responses.
Dysfunction of the basal ganglia is associated with conditions including: _ disease, _ disease, _ syndrome, - disorder, - disorder and many _.
PARKINSON'S disease HUNTINGTON'S disease TOURETTE'S syndrome ATTENTION-DEFICIT disorder OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE disorder Many ADDICTIONS
The main function of the _ is emotional and social processing. It is also involved in fear and pleasure responses, arousal, processing of memory and the formation of emotional memories.
The main function of the AMYGDALA
The _ is the area of the brain where major motor and sensory tracts synapse. It acts as an interactive site between the _ and _ _ as well as complementing the limbic system.
The DIENCEPHALON is the area . . .
Acts as an interactive site between the CNS and the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM, as well as complementing the limbic system.
Somatosensory deficits elicit _ _ patterns
Elicit ABNORMAL MOVEMENT patterns
_ _ occurs with damage to the occipital cortex and affects a patient’s ability to receive but not to perceive visual information.
CORTICAL BLINDNESS occurs with damage . . .
The _ is a relay or processing station for the majority of information that goes to the cerebral cortex. It coordinates _ perception and_ with other parts other brain and spinal cord.
The THALAMUS is a relay or processing station . . . .
It coordinates SENSORY perception and MOVEMENT
The thalamus receives information from the _, _ _, and all _ _ except the olfactory tract. It then relays information to the appropriate _ _.
Thalamus receives information from the CEREBELLUM, BASAL GANGLIA, and all SENSORY PATHWAYS except. . .
It then relays information to the appropriate ASSOCIATION CORTEXES.
Damage to the thalamus can produce _ _ syndrome. In which spontaneous _ is present on the _ side of the body to the thalamic lesion.
Can produce THALAMIC PAIN syndrome
In which spontaneous PAIN is present on the CONTRALATERAL side of the body to the thalamic lesion
The _ receives and integrates information from the ANS and assists in regulating hormones. Also controls functions such as _, _, _ behavior and _; regulates body _, the _ and _ glands and many other vital activities.
The HYPOTHALAMUS receives and integrates . . . .
Also controls functions such as HUNGAR, THIRST, SEXUAL behaviors and SLEEPING
Regulates body TEMPERATURE, the ADRENAL and PITUITARY glands and many other vital activities.
The _ is located between the thalamus and hypothalamus and is important for regulating movements produces by skeletal muscles. Also has an association with the _ _ and the _ _.
The SUBTHALAMUS . . .
Also has an association with the BASAL GANGLIA and the SUBSTANTIA NIGRA
The _ is primarily represented by the pineal gland. This gland secretes _ and involved in circadian rhythm, selected regulation of motor pathways, and emotions. It is also associated with _ system and _ _.
The EPITHALAMUS is primarily represented . . .
This gland secretes MELATONIN and is involved in . . .
It is also associated with the LIMBIC system and the BASAL GANGLIA.
The _ connects the forebrain to the hindbrain and is one of the 3 components of the brain stem. It functions as a large relay area for information passing from the _, _ and _ _. Also functions as a relay center for visual, auditory and tactile responses.
The MIDBRAIN connects the . . .
It functions as a large relay area for information passing from the CEREBRUM, CEREBELLUM, and SPINAL CORD.
The _ is located at the posterior of the brain below the occipital lobes and is separated from the cerebrum by the tentorium.
The CEREBELLUM is located . . .
The cerebellum is responsible for _ _ of movement and assists with maintaining _ and _ by controlling muscle tone and position of the extremities in space.
Is responsible for FINE TUNING of movement and assists with maintaining POSTURE AND BALANCE by controlling . . . .
The cerebellum controls the ability to perform _ _ _. The inability to perform is known as.
Controls the ability to perform RAPID ALTERNATING MOVEMENTS
The inability to perform rapid alternating movements is known as DYSDIADOCHOKINESIA.
Cerebellar lesions may produce _, _, _, hypermetria, poor _, and deficits in the postural reflexes, balance and equilibrium depending upon location of the lesion.
May produce ATAXIA, NYSTAGMUS, TREMOR, hypermetria, poor COORDINATION and deficits . . .
The _ is located below the midbrain and superior to the medulla oblongata. It assists with regulation of respiration rate and is associated with the orientation of the head in relation to visual and auditory stimuli. Which cranial nerves originate from here? (4)
The PONS is located . . . .
Cranial nerves that originate in the Pons include:
Cranial nerves V-VIII (trigeminal, abducens, facial, vestibulocochlear)
The _ _ influences autonomic nerve activity and the regulation of respiration and heart rate. Reflex centers for _, _ and _ are also found within the _ _.
The MEDULLA OBLONGATA influences . . . .
Reflex centers for VOMITING, COUGHING, and SNEEZING are also found within the MEDULLA OBLONGATA
The medulla OBLONGATA is also responsible for relaying somatic sensory information from the internal organs for the control of _ and _. Which cranial nerves originate from here? (4)
Responsible for relaying somatic sensory information from the internal organs for the control of AROUSAL and SLEEP.
Cranial nerves that originate from here:
IX-XII (glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, hypoglossal)
What are the 3 structures that make up the brain stem?
Midbrain, Pons, Medulla Oblongata
The brainstem work as relay station sending messages between various _ of the _ and the _ _.
Sending messages between various PARTS OF THE BODY and the CEREBRAL CORTEX
The brainstem controls many _ functions that are essential for _. Including regulation or heart and respiratory rate.
Controls many PRIMITIVE functions that are essential for SURVIVAL
Severe damage to the brain stem will often result in ‘_ _’. The majority of _ _ originate from the brainstem.
Will often result in ‘BRAIN DEATH’.
The majority of CRANIAL NERVES originate from the brainstem.
The brain’s blood supply consists of the 2 _ _ arteries and 2 _ arteries. The branches of which form the _ _ _.
Consists of 2 INTERNAL CAROTID arteries and 2 VERTEBRAL arteries.
The branches of which form the CIRCLE OF WILLIS.
The _ _ _ supplies blood to the anterior frontal lobe and the medial surface of the frontal and parietal lobes.
The ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY supplies blood . . .
The _ _ _ supplies blood to most of the outer cerebrum, basal ganglia, posterior and anterior internal capsule, putamen, pallidus, and lentiform nucleus.
The MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY supplies blood . . .
The _ _ _ supplies blood to a portion of the midbrain, subthalamic nucleus, basal nucleus, thalamus, inferior temporal lobe, and occipital and occipitoparietal cortices.
The POSTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY
The _ _ _ supplies blood to the parts of the pons, medulla, midbrain, thalamus, occipital cortex, and the cerebellum.
VERTEBRAL-BASILAR ARTERY
Blood supply is specific to particular areas within the brain, therefore when a particular artery sustains damage via occlusion or hemorrhage there is a _ _ of _ that will occur.
. . . There is a SPECIFIC PATTERN of DISABILITY that will occur.
The extent of disability from an occlusion or hemorrhage is determined by the extent of _, the _ of the _ involved, the availability of _ _ to the affected area, and if the involved artery produces _ or _ damage.
Is determined by:
The extent of OCCLUSION
The AREA of the BRAIN involved
The availability of COLLATERAL CIRCULATION to the affected area
If the involved area produces UNILATERAL or BILATERAL damage.
_ _ involvement will typically produce the most significant disabilities.
BILATERAL involvement will . . .
Bilateral occlusion of the _ _ _ will typically produce paraplegia. Other findings include: incontinence, abulic aphasia, frontal lobe symptoms such as personality changes, and potential akinetic mutism (conscious unresponsiveness)
Bilateral occlusion of the ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY will typically . . .
2 of the most significant impairments associated with _ _ _ occlusion are thalamic pain syndrome and cortical blindness.
2 of the most significant impairments associated with POSTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY occlusion are . . .
Severe impairment of the _ _ _ can cause locked-in syndrome, coma or vegetative state. _ syndrome can also occur secondary to _ _ _.
Severe impairment of the VERTERBRAL-BASILAR ARTERY can cause . . .
WALLENBURG syndrome can also occur secondary to LATERAL MEDULLARY INFARCT.
Bilateral occlusion of the _ _ _ at the stem will produce contralateral hemiplegia and sensory impairment. Dominant hemisphere impairment of the _ _ _ includes global, Wernicke’s or Broca’s aphasia.
Bilateral occlusion of the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY at the stem . . .
Dominant hemisphere impairment of the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY includes . . .
_ consists of 3 layers of connective tissue covering the brain and spinal cord. Name 3 layers. Purpose is to provide _ from contusion and infection.
MENINGES consists of 3 layers . . .
3 layers include (PAD): Pia mater, arachnoid mater, dura mater
Purpose if to provide PROTECTION from contusion and infection.
_ _ is the outermost meninge, it has 4 folds and lines the periosteum of the skull and protects the brain. What separates it from the middle layer of meninge?
DURA MATER is the outermost . . .
SUBDURAL SPACE separates the dura mater from the arachnoid mater.
The arachnoid mater is the _ meninges and is _. It surrounds the _ in a loose manner. What separates it from the inner most meninge?
The arachnoid mater is the MIDDLE layer of meninge and is IMPERMEABLE.
It surrounds the BRAIN in a loose manner
It is separated from the innermost meninge by the SUBARACHNOID SPACE
The _ _ is the innermost layer of meninge and it covers and the contours of the brain. It also forms the _ _ in the ventricular system.
The PIA MATER . . .
It also forms the CHOROID PLEXUS in the ventricular system.
_ is the inflammation of the meninges of the brain and spinal cord. Name the 2 types. Which can be fatal within hours of onset? Both should be considered a?
MENINGITIS is the inflammation . . .
VIRAL AND BACTERIAL meningitis are the 2 types.
BACTERIAL MENINGITIS can be fatal within hours of onset.
Both should be considered a MEDICAL EMERGENCY
Symptoms of meningitis include: _ and _, _, _ rigidity, pain in the _ area and _ _, _ sign (flexion of the neck facilitates flexion of the knees and hips), _ sign (pain with hip flexion combined with knee extension) and sensitivity to _.
Symptoms include:
FEVER and HEADACHE
VOMITTING
NUCHAL rigidity
Pain in the LUMBAR area and POSTERIOR THIGH
BRUDZINSKI’S sign (flexion of the neck . . . )
KERNIG’S sign (pain with hip flexion . . . )
Sensitivity to LIGHT
_ _ is the gold standard for diagnosis of meningitis. _ diagnosis is essential to avoid permanent neurological damage. Treatment includes _, _ and _ pharmacological intervention.
LUMBAR PUNCTURE is the gold standard . . .
EARLY diagnosis is essential . . . .
Treatment includes ANTIBIOTICS, ANTIMICROBIALS, and STEROID pharmacological intervention.
The _ _ is an area between the skull and outer dura mater that can be abnormally occupied, and is also the area in the spinal cord between the dura mater and the periosteum of the vertebrae.
The EPIDURAL SPACE is an area . . . .
The _ _ is designed to protect and nourish the brain. Is comprised of _ - cavities called ventricles and multiple foramina that allow the passage of cerebrospinal fluid.
The VENTRICULAR SYSTEM is designed . . .
Is comprised of FOUR FLUID-FILLED cavities called . . .
Each ventricle contains specialized tissue called _ _ that makes cerebrospinal fluid.
Contains specialized tissue called the CHOROID PLEXUS that . . .
An excess of CSF can cause enlargement of the ventricles causing _. Excess fluid within the spinal cord is known as _.
Excess CSF can cause enlargement of the ventricles causing HYDROCEPHALUS
Excess fluid within the spinal cord is known as SYRINGOMYELIA
CSF is a clear fluid like substance that _ the brain and spinal cord from injury and provides _ _ and _. CSF is produced constantly with a yield of - ml/ day.
Is a clear fluid like substance that CUSHIONS the brain and spinal fluid from injury and provides MECHANICAL BUOYANCY and SUPPORT.
CSF is produced constantly with a yield of 500-700 ml/ day
CSF provides _ to the CNS, serves as a conduit for _ of _ and is constantly being absorbed and replenished within the brain and spinal cord.
Provides NUTRITION to the CNS
Serves as a conduit for REMOVAL OF METABOLITES
And is . . .
The - _ is responsible for the exchange of nutrients between the CNS and the vascular system. It provides protection for the CNS by _ _ _ from _ while others are allowed to do so freely.
The BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER is responsible for the . . .
It provides protection for the CNS by RESTRICTING CERTAIN MOLECULES from CROSSING while others are allowed to do so freely.
Signs of _ or a _ _ include: enlarged head or bulging fontanelles in infants, headache, changes in vision, large veins noted on scalp, behavioral changes, seizures, alterations in appetite, vomitting, downward deviation of eyes (sun setting sign) and incontinence.
Signs of HYDROCEPHALUS or a BLOCKED SHUNT include . . .
