Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MSK > Spinal problems > Flashcards

Spinal problems Flashcards

1
Q

What is lordosis?

A

Inward curvature of spine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is kyphosis?

A

Outward curvature of the spine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What curvature do the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spine have?

A

Cervical - lordosis
Thoracic - Kyphosis
Lumbar - lordosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What muscles are contained within the erector spinae?

A

Iliocostalis
Longissimus
Spinalis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is a dermatome?

A

An area of skin mainly supplied by a single nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is a myotome?

A

Group of muscles that a single spinal nerve innervates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are myotomes of the upper limb?

A 
C5 - shoulder abduction (deltoid)
C6 - Elbow flexion/wrist extensors (biceps)
C7 - Elbow extensors (triceps)
C8 - Long finger flexors
T1 - Finger abduction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are myotomes for the lower limbs?

A 
L2 - Hip flexion (iliopsoas)
L3/4 - Knee extension (quadriceps)
L4 - ankle dorsiflexion
L5 - Big toe extension
S1 - Ankle plantar flexion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the most common causes of spinal cord injury?

A

Fall
Road traffic accident
Sport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are features of complete spinal cord injury?`

A 
No motor or sensory function distal to lesion
No anal squeeze
No sacral sensation
ASIA grade A
No chance of recovery
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are features of incomplete spinal cord injury?

A

Some function is present below site of injury

More favourable prognosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is Grade A ASIA classification?

A

Complete. No sensory or motor function preserved in sacral segments S4-S5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is ASIA classification?

A

American spinal cord injury association degree of injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is grade B ASIA classification?

A

Incomplete. Sensory but not motor function preserved below the neurological level and extending through sacral segments S4-S5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is grade C ASIA classification?

A

Incomplete. Motor function preserved below the neurological level, majority have a grade of <3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is grade D ASIA classification?

A

Motor function preserved below the neurological level, majority of key muscles have grade >3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is grade E ASIA classification?

A

Normal motor and sensory function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is tetraplegia?

A

Partial or total loss of use of all four limbs and the trunk, loss of motor/sensory function in cervical segments of the spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What causes tetraplegia?

A

Cervical fracture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are potential fatal consequences of cervical fracture?

A

Loss of innervation of diaphragm - phrenic nerve - leading to resp failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is spasticity?

A

Increased muscle tone

22
Q

What causes spasticity?

A

Upper motor neuron lesion - spinal cord and above

23
Q

What is paraplegia?

A

Partial or total loss of lower limbs - impairment or loss of motor/sensory functions in thoracic, lumbar, or sacral segments
Arm function spared

24
Q

What causes paraplegia?

A

Thoracic/lumbar fractures

Associated chest or abdominal injuries

25
Q

What is central cord syndrome?

A

Hyperextension injury causing damage to cervical tracts

26
Q

What are features of central cord syndrome?

A

Older patients with arthritic neck
Weakness of arms>legs
Perianal sensation and lower extremity power preserved

27
Q

What are features of anterior cord syndrome?

A

Profound weakness

Fine touch and proprioception preserved

28
Q

What is anterior cord syndrome?

A

Hyperflexion injury
Damaged anterior spinal artery
Anterior compression fracture

29
Q

What is Brown-Sequard syndrome?

A

Hemi-section of the cord caused by penetrating injuries

30
Q

What are features of Brown-Sequard syndrome?

A

Caused by penetrating injuries
Paralysis on affected side
Loss of proprioception and fine discrimination
Loss of pain and temperature on contralateral side below lesion

31
Q

How is spinal cord injury managed?

A

Prevention of secondary insult

32
Q

What imaging should be done in imaging of spinal cord injury?

A

X-rays
CT scanning - bony anatomy
MRI - if neurological deficit or children

33
Q

What is long term management of spinal cord injury?

A 
Spinal cord injury unit
Physiotherapy
Occupational therapy
Psychological support
Urological/sexual counselling
34
Q

What is the most common orientation of intervertebral discs?

A

Postero-lateral

35
Q

What are features of nerve root pain?

A 
Limb pain worse than back pain
Pain in nerve root distribution
Root tension signs
Root compression signs
Dermatomes and myotomes
36
Q

How is nerve root pain managed?

A

Physiotherapy
Strong analgesia
Referral after 12 weeks
Monitor with imaging - MRI

37
Q

What is disc protrusion?

A

Weakened annulus fibrosis but still intact leading to a bulge

38
Q

What is disc extrusion?

A

Nucleus though annulus fibrosis but in continuity

39
Q

What is disc sequestration?

A

Dessicated disk material free in canal

40
Q

What is the most common level for cervical disc prolapse?

A

C5/6

41
Q

What are the most common levels for thoracid disc prolapse?

A

T11/T12

42
Q

What is cauda equina syndrome?

A

Compression of cauda equina

43
Q

How is cauda equina syndrome managed?

A

Surgical emergency - admission, urgent MRI, emergency operation within 48h of onset, delay results in permanent dysfunction

44
Q

What can happen as a result of cauda equina syndrome?

A

Permanent bladder and anal sphincter dysfunction and incontinence

45
Q

What is aetiology of cauda equina syndrome?

A 
Central lumbar disc prolapse
Tumours
Trauma
Spinal stenosis
Infection
Iatrogenic
46
Q

What are features of cauda equina syndrome?

A 
Injury or precipitating event
Bilateral buttock and leg pain
Varying dysaesthesia and weakness
Bowel or bladder dysfunction
Saddle anaesthesia
High index of suspicion in spinal post-op patients
47
Q

What is cervical/lumbar spondylitis?

A

Degenerative change at facet joints, discs, ligaments, etc

If severe can compress whole cord

48
Q

What are the spinal ligaments?

A

Anterior longitudinal ligament - along the front of vertebral bodies
Posterior longitudinal ligament - along the backs of vertebral bodies
Ligamentum flavum - between laminae
Interspinous and supraspinous ligament - between spinous processes
Intertransverse ligament - between transverse processes

49
Q

What is spinal claudication?

A 
Usually bilateral
Sensory dysaesthesiae
Possible weakness
Takes several minutes to ease after stopping walking
Worse walking DOWN hills
50
Q

How is lateral recess stenosis treated?

A

Nerve root injection
Epidural injection
Surgery

51
Q

How is central stenosis treated?

A

Epidural steroid injection

Surgery

52
Q

How is foraminal stenosis treated?

A

Nerve root injection
Epidural injection
Surgery

MSK (30 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions