Spinal muscles Flashcards

1
Q

Why are the superficial and intermediate back muscles defined as extrinsic muscles?

A

They don’t develop embryologically in the back

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2
Q

Why are the deep back muscles defined as intrinsic muscles?

A

They develop embryologically in the back

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3
Q

Generally, where do all of the superficial back muscles originate and attach to, and why?

A

Originate from vertebral column

Attach to shoulder bones

Because they are associated with movements of upper limb

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4
Q

Where is trapezius, and what are its sites of origin and attachment?

A

1

Originates from skull, nuchal ligament (ligament at back of neck that is continuous with supraspinous ligament), spinous processes C7-T12

Attaches to clavicle, acromion process, scapula spine

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5
Q

What nerve innervates trapezius, and what are its 3 motor actions?

A

Innervated by accessory nerve

Upper fibres: Elevate and rotate scapula during arm abduction

Middle fibres: Retract scapula

Lower fibres: Pull inferiorly/depress scapula

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5
Q

What is the nuchal ligament, and which superficial back muscle originates from here?

A

ligament at back of neck that is continuous with supraspinous ligament

Origin site of trapezius

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6
Q

Where is latissimus dorsi, and what are its sites of origin and attachment?

A

5

Originates from iliac crest, spinous processes T6-T12, thoracolumbar fascia

Attaches to bicipital groove/intertubercular sulcus of humerus

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7
Q

Which nerve innervates latissimus dorsi, and what are its 3 motor actions?

A

Thoracodorsal nerve

Upper arm extension, adduction, medial rotation

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8
Q

Where is levator scapulae, and what are its origin and attachment sites?

A

11

Originates from transverse processes of C1-C4

Attaches to scapula medial border

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9
Q

Which nerve innervates levator scapulae, and what is its motor action?

A

Innervated by dorsal scapular nerve

Elevates scapula

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10
Q

Is rhomboid minor or major more superficial?

A

Rhomboid minor is superficial to rhomboid major

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11
Q

Where is rhomboid minor, and what are its origin and attachment sites?

A

10

Originates from spinous processes C7-T11

Attaches to scapula medial border at level of scapula spine

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12
Q

Which nerve innervates rhomboid minor, and what are its 2 motor actions?

A

Dorsal scapular nerve

Retracts/pulls inferiorly scapula

Rotates scapula

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13
Q

Where is rhomboid major, and what are its origin and attachment sites?

A

7

Originates from spinous processes T2-T5

Attaches to medial border of scapula

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14
Q

Which nerve innervates rhomboid major, and what are its 2 motor actions?

A

Dorsal scapular nerve

Rotates scapula

Retracts/pulls inferiorly scapula

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15
Q

What are the 2 intermediate back muscles, and what nerve innervates them and what is their motor action?

A

Serratus posterior superior: Elevates ribs 2-5

Serratus posterior inferior:
Depresses ribs 9-12

Innervated by intercostal nerve

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16
Q

Where is serratus posterior superior, and what are its origin and attachment sites?

A

8

Originates from lower part of nuchal ligament and cervical spine

Attaches to ribs 2-5

17
Q

Which 2 muscles is serratus posterior superior directly deep to?

A

Rhomboid major and minor

18
Q

Where is serratus posterior inferior, and what are its origin and attachment sites?

A

15

Originates from thoracic and lumbar spine

Attaches to ribs 9-12

19
Q

Which muscle is serratus posterior inferior directly deep to, and directly inferior to?

A

Directly deep to latissimus dorsi

Directly inferior to serratus anterior

20
Q

How does the direction of muscles fibres in serratus posterior superior and inferior determine what direction they pull the ribs in?

A

Serratus posterior superior: Fibres run inferolateral, so when they contract they will pull ribs up

Serratus posterior inferior: Fibres run superolateral, so when they contract they will pull ribs down

21
Q

In the deep back, what are the 2 spinotransversales, and what is the function of these muscles?

A

Splenius capitis

Splenius cervicis

Movements of head and neck

22
Q

Which group of deep back muscles control movements of head and neck?

A

Spinotransversales:

Splenius capitis

Splenius cervicis

23
Q

Where is splenius capitis, and what are its origin and attachment sites?

A

13

Originates from lower aspect of nuchal ligament and spinous processes C7-T4

Attaches to mastoid process and occipital bone of skull

24
Q

Which 2 posterior rami innervate splenius capitis?

A

C3 and C4

25
Q

Where is splenius cervicis, and what are its origin and attachment sites?

A

12

Originates from spinous processes T3-T6

Attaches to transverse processes C1-C3

26
Q

Which posterior rami innervate splenius cervicis?

A

Posterior rami of lower cervical nerves

27
Q

Which 3 deep back muscles form a column called the erector spinae, and where is the erector spinae, and why are they all included in this group?

A

10

Iliocostalis
Longissimus
Spinalis

They all originate from common tendon origin

28
Q

Where is iliocostalis cervicis, and what part of iliocostalis does it arise from, and what are the attachment sites?

A

4

Arises from costal angles (angle where rib changes direction to form cage shape) of ribs 3-6

Attaches to transverse processes C4-C6

29
Q

What are the 2 main motor actions of iliocostalis cervicis?

A

Lateral flexion (unilateral action of one side of spine only) and extension of lower cervical spine (bilateral)

30
Q

Where is iliocostalis thoracis, and what part of iliocostalis does it arise from, and what are the attachment sites?

A

6

Arises from costal angles of ribs 7-12

Attaches to angles of ribs 1-6 and C7 transverse process

31
Q

What are the 2 motor actions of iliocostalis thoracis?

A

Lateral flexion (unilateral) and extension (bilateral) of thoracic spine

32
Q

Where is iliocostalis lumborum, where does it arise from in the iliocostalis and where does it attach?

A

Arises from common erector spinae tendon

Attaches to angles of ribs 7-12

33
Q

What are the 2 motor actions of iliocostalis lumborum?

A

Lateral extension and flexion of lumbar spine

34
Q

List the erector spinae muscles from most lateral to most medial?

A

Iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis

35
Q

Where is longissimus capitis, where does it arise from and where does it attach?

A

1

Arises from transverse processes T1-T5

Attaches to transverse processes C4-C7, then inserts onto lateral surface of mastoid process of temporal bone

36
Q

What are the 2 main actions of longissimus capitis?

A

Bilateral contraction: Head and neck extension

Unilateral contraction: Ipsilateral head and neck lateral flexion and rotation

37
Q

Where is longissimus cervicis, where does it arise from and where does it attach?

A

5

Arises from transverse processes T1-T5

Attaches to transverse processes C2-C6

38
Q

Where is longissimus thoracis?

A

7

39
Q

What are the overall 2 functions of longissimus muscles acting together?

A

Spine extension

Ipsilateral spine lateral flexion

40
Q

Where is spinalis, and what are the 3 divisions?

A

Spinalis capitis: 2

Spinalis cervicis: 3

Spinalis thoracis: 9

41
Q

What are the 2 main actions of spinalis?

A

Bilateral contraction: Extension of head, cervical spine, thoracic spine

Unilateral contraction: Ipsilateral lateral flexion of head, cervical spine, thoracic spine