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Spinal Cord2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the cauda equina?

A

The bundle of spinal nerve roots within the vertebral canal caudal to the termination of the spinal cord

The cauda equina is named for its resemblance to a horse’s tail.

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2
Q

What is the filum terminale?

A

The prolongation of pia mater from the conus medullaris that ends at S2

It anchors the spinal cord to the coccyx.

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3
Q

What is the coccygeal ligament?

A

Consists of pia, arachnoid, and dura maters, extending from S5 to the coccyx

This structure helps stabilize the spinal cord.

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4
Q

What is the structure of the spinal cord?

A

A cylindrical structure located within the vertebral canal, extending from foramen magnum to L1-L2 IV disc

It is divided into regions with 31 segments.

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5
Q

How many segments does the spinal cord have?

A

31 segments

The segments include 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal.

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6
Q

What are the spinal meninges?

A

Connective tissue membranes surrounding the spinal cord

They include dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater.

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7
Q

What is the outermost layer of the spinal meninges?

A

Dura mater

It is continuous with the epineurium of the spinal nerves.

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8
Q

What is the subarachnoid space filled with?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

This space is between the pia mater and arachnoid mater.

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9
Q

What do dorsal roots of spinal nerves contain?

A

Afferent or sensory fibers from skin and deep tissue

These roots are responsible for carrying sensory information to the spinal cord.

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10
Q

What do ventral roots of spinal nerves contain?

A

Efferent or motor fibers to skeletal muscles, and may contain presynaptic autonomic fibers

These roots are responsible for motor control.

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11
Q

What is the anterior spinal artery formed from?

A

The union of branches of vertebral arteries

This artery supplies blood to the anterior portion of the spinal cord.

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12
Q

What is the cervical enlargement?

A

Extends from C4 through T1 segments of the spinal cord

It is associated with the innervation of the upper limbs.

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13
Q

What is the lumbosacral enlargement?

A

Extends from L1 through S3 segments of the spinal cord

It is associated with the innervation of the lower limbs.

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14
Q

What is the conus medullaris?

A

The conical end of the spinal cord at the level of L1-L2

It marks the termination of the spinal cord.

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15
Q

What is lumbar puncture used for?

A

To withdraw CSF from the lumbar cistern for diagnostic purposes

It can help diagnose conditions such as meningitis and other CNS diseases.

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16
Q

What is epidural administration?

A

Administration of drugs such as anaesthesia, analgesia, or contrast agent into the epidural space

It is commonly used for pain management during labor and surgery.

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17
Q

What is the anterior median fissure?

A

A deep groove along the anterior surface of the spinal cord

It separates the two halves of the spinal cord.

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18
Q

What is the posterior median sulcus?

A

A shallow groove along the posterior surface of the spinal cord

It helps in the structural organization of the spinal cord.

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19
Q

Fill in the blank: The spinal nerve roots consist of _______ and _______ roots.

A

dorsal and ventral

This structure is crucial for the functioning of the spinal nerves.

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20
Q

What is the anteromedian fissure?

A

A longitudinal groove on the anterior side of the spinal cord

It separates the two halves of the spinal cord.

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21
Q

What structures are associated with the posterior side of the spinal cord?

A

Posteromedian sulcus, posterointermediate sulcus, posterolateral sulcus

These sulci help to define the anatomy of the spinal cord.

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22
Q

What are the main internal structures of the spinal cord?

A
  • Posterior horn
  • Anterior horn
  • Intermediate zone (intermediate gray)
  • Lateral horn
  • Anterior funiculus
  • Lateral funiculus
  • Posterior funiculus
  • Lissauer’s tract
  • Anterior median fissure
  • Posterior median sulcus
  • Anterolateral sulcus
  • Posterolateral sulcus

These structures support sensory and motor functions.

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23
Q

How does the shape of lumbar segments compare to cervical and thoracic segments?

A

Lumbar segments are round; cervical segments are larger, and thoracic segments are smaller

The shape and size vary based on the function and location.

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24
Q

What is the characteristic of gray matter in the spinal cord?

A

Bilateral symmetry, butterfly-shaped, H-shaped

Gray matter contains neuron cell bodies, dendrites, neuroglia, and blood vessels.

25
What are the horns in the gray matter of the spinal cord?
* Posterior (dorsal) horn (sensory part) * Anterior (ventral) horn (motor part) * Lateral horn (only T1-L2, L3) ## Footnote Each horn serves different functions related to sensory and motor processing.
26
What is the largest spinal cord segment?
Cervical segments ## Footnote Cervical segments have an oval shape and a large amount of white matter.
27
What characterizes sacral segments of the spinal cord?
Smallest size of spinal segment, small size of white matter, large gray matter ## Footnote Sacral segments (S1-S3) have a large anterior gray horn.
28
What is the distribution of white matter in the spinal cord?
Divided into three columns (funiculi): ventral, dorsal, and lateral ## Footnote White matter contains myelinated axons and is critical for communication within the spinal cord.
29
What is the function of the anterior white commissure?
Where nerve fibers cross between the left and right sides of the spinal cord ## Footnote It plays a role in coordinating bilateral motor control.
30
What is the shape of thoracic segments?
Round shape, smaller than cervical segments ## Footnote Thoracic segments have a slender anterior and posterior horn.
31
What types of cells are found in gray matter?
* Root cells * Column cells ## Footnote Root cells innervate somatic or visceral effectors, while column cells primarily lie in the posterior horn.
33
34
35
What is the function of the Substantia gelatinosa?
Integration of sensory stimuli that give rise to sensations of temperature and pain ## Footnote Located at the apex of the posterior horn and can be found in all segments of the spinal cord
36
Where is the Posterior funicular gray or nucleus proprius located?
In all levels of the spinal cord ## Footnote Constitutes the first synapse of the spinothalamic tract carrying pain and temperature sensations from peripheral nerves
37
What type of sensations does the Posterior funicular gray carry?
Pain and temperature sensations ## Footnote Also involved in proprioceptive and tactile sensibility
38
What is the location of the Nucleus dorsalis of Clarke?
C8 - L3 levels (larger at T10-L2) ## Footnote Appears on the transverse section of the spinal cord
39
What is the major function of Clarke's column?
Relay center for proprioception and tactile sensibility from body level ## Footnote Axons of this nucleus form the dorsal spinocerebellar tract to the ipsilateral cerebellum
40
Fill in the blank: The Substantia gelatinosa is a _______ shaped mass of translucent yellow.
V-
41
True or False: The Nucleus dorsalis of Clarke is involved in carrying pain sensations.
False ## Footnote It is primarily involved in proprioception and tactile sensibility
42
What are the four groups of the posterior column?
1. Secondary visceral gray 2. Substania gelatinosa 3. Clark’s nucleus 4.nucleus propieus ## Footnote The posterior column consists of multiple neuron groups that play a role in sensory and motor functions.
43
What is the location of the secondary visceral gray?
T1-L2.3, lateral part of base of posterior horn ## Footnote It receives visceral impulses from the dorsal root.
44
What type of fibers does the secondary visceral gray receive?
Visceral impulse from dorsal root ## Footnote These impulses are related to visceral pain.
45
What is the function of the efferent fibers associated with the secondary visceral gray?
Secondary ascending visceral tract (visceral pain) ## Footnote This pathway is crucial for transmitting visceral pain signals.
46
What is the location of the intermediomedial nucleus?
T1-L3, lateral to central canal ## Footnote This nucleus is involved in receiving visceral afferent fibers.
47
What type of neuron is found in the intermediomedial nucleus?
Small multipolar neuron ## Footnote It has a preganglionic sympathetic function.
48
What does the intermediomedial nucleus do with visceral afferent fibers?
Relay impulse to visceral motor neuron ## Footnote This function is critical for autonomic responses.
49
What is the location of the intermediolateral nucleus?
T1-L3, lateral horn ## Footnote This nucleus is part of the sympathetic nervous system.
50
What type of neuron is found in the intermediolateral nucleus?
Small multipolar neuron ## Footnote It has a preganglionic sympathetic nerve fiber function.
51
What does the intermediolateral nucleus give rise to?
Sympathetic trunk ## Footnote This trunk is essential for sympathetic nervous system pathways.
52
What is the sacral parasympathetic trunk?
A structure located in S2-S4 that gives rise to preganglionic parasympathetic nerve fibers via the sacral ventral root ## Footnote Supplies smooth muscles and glands of pelvic organs
53
What are the three groups of the intermediate (lateral) column?
Sacral parasympathetic trunk, Anteromedial nucleus, Posteromedial nucleus ## Footnote These groups are part of the neural structure within the spinal cord.
54
What is the function of the anteromedial nucleus?
Its function is still unclear, but it connects to the hypoglossal nucleus and gives rise to ventral rootlet of C1 ## Footnote Located in the anterior horn, it is more medial at the enlargement.
55
Which segments does the anteromedial nucleus encompass?
Almost all segments except C1, L5, S1 ## Footnote This indicates its wide distribution across the spinal cord.
56
What segments does the posteromedial nucleus support?
C1, T1-L2,3 ## Footnote It plays a role in supporting the anteromedial nucleus.
57
Fill in the blank: The sacral parasympathetic trunk arises from the _______ portion of gray matter.
intermediate ## Footnote This is crucial for understanding the spinal cord's organization.
58
How many groups are in the medial group of the anterior column?
2 groups ## Footnote The anterior column is categorized into medial, lateral, and central groups.
59
True or False: The posteromedial nucleus is found in segments C1 and T1-L2,3.
True ## Footnote This confirms the specific spinal segments associated with the posteromedial nucleus.

MD216 (17 decks)

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