Drug1

Question 1

Mechanism of oragophosphate

Answer 1

Irreversible inhibition of AChE (acetylcholineesterase)

Question 2

Examples of insecticides oragophosphate

Answer 2

Malathion and Parathion

Question 3

Examples of nerve agents oragophosphate

Answer 3

Sarin, soman, tabun

Question 4

Effects of oragophosphate

Answer 4

Extreme cholinergic overstimulation ( SLUDD/BAM in overdrive + muscle weakness, paralysis, seizure, respiratory failure and death)

Question 5

Treatment of toxicity from oragophosphate

Answer 5

Atropine: Muscarinic antagonist (blocks muscarinic
effects).
* Pralidoxime (2-PAM): Cholinesterase reactivator (can
regenerate AChE if given early enough – before agin

Question 6

What does SLUDGE stand for in the context of organophosphate poisoning? (muscuranic overstimulation)

Answer 6

Salivation, Lacrimation, Urination, Defecation, GI cramps, Emesis

SLUDGE refers to a set of symptoms associated with cholinergic overstimulation.

Question 7

What is a key symptom of muscarinic overstimulation?

Answer 7

SLUDGE

SLUDGE represents a range of symptoms resulting from excessive muscarinic receptor activation.

Question 8

What are the effects of nicotinic overstimulation?

Answer 8

Tension, weakness, paralysis, hypertension

Nicotinic receptor overstimulation leads to muscle and autonomic effects.

Question 9

Fill in the blank: Organophosphate poisoning causes _______ overstimulation.

Answer 9

muscarinic and nicotinic

Question 10

What are the symptoms associated with mydriasis and tachycardia?

Answer 10

Mydriasis, Tachycardia

These symptoms are indicative of adrenergic stimulation, often seen in poisoning scenarios.

Question 11

True or False: Muscle weakness and twitching are symptoms of organophosphate poisoning.

Answer 11

True

Question 12

What condition is characterized by high blood pressure and paralysis?

Answer 12

Nicotinic overstimulation

These symptoms reflect the activation of nicotinic receptors affecting muscle control and vascular tone.

Question 13

What does ‘Creative-Med-Doses’ refer to?

Answer 13

It appears to be a phrase related to the administration of medical doses but lacks specific context here.

Question 14

What is the primary cause of symptoms in organophosphate poisoning?

Answer 14

Overstimulation of muscarinic and nicotinic receptors

Organophosphates inhibit acetylcholinesterase, leading to increased acetylcholine levels.

Question 15

Fill in the blank: Symptoms of organophosphate poisoning include _______.

Answer 15

salivation, lacrimation, urination, defecation, GI cramps, emesis

Question 16

What are examples of antimuscarinics used for Overactive Bladder (OAB)?

Answer 16

Oxybutynin, Tolterodine, Solifenacin, Darifenacin, Fesoterodine, Trospium

These medications are commonly prescribed to manage symptoms of OAB.

Question 17

What is the primary mechanism of action for antimuscarinics in treating OAB?

Answer 17

Block muscarinic receptors (primarily M3) in the bladder

Blocking these receptors helps to control bladder function.

Question 18

What is the clinical use of antimuscarinics?

Answer 18

Overactive bladder (OAB) - characterized by urgency, frequency, and urge incontinence

OAB can significantly impact the quality of life.

Question 19

How do antimuscarinics work to alleviate symptoms of OAB?

Answer 19

Reduce involuntary contractions of the detrusor muscle, increase bladder capacity, reduce urgency and frequency

These actions help improve bladder control.

Question 20

What are the routes of administration for antimuscarinics?

Answer 20

Oral, transdermal patch (oxybutynin), topical gel (oxybutynin)

Different formulations allow for flexible treatment options.

Question 21

What are common adverse effects of antimuscarinics?

Answer 21

Dry mouth, constipation, blurred vision, confusion (especially in elderly), urinary retention

These side effects can affect patient adherence to treatment.

Question 22

Which receptors do newer antimuscarinics like solifenacin and darifenacin selectively target?

Answer 22

M3 receptors

This selectivity may help in reducing some side effects compared to older agents.

Question 23

True or False: The selectivity of newer antimuscarinics for M3 receptors is absolute.

Answer 23

False

While newer agents are more selective, they do not completely avoid side effects.

Question 24

Fill in the blank: Antimuscarinics are primarily used to treat _______.

Answer 24

Overactive bladder (OAB)

This condition involves symptoms like urgency and frequency.

Question 25

What type of receptors do Ipratropium and Tiotropium primarily block?

Answer 25

Muscarinic receptors, primarily M3 receptors in the airways

Question 26

What is the primary clinical use of Ipratropium?

Answer 26

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

Question 27

In what condition might Tiotropium be used as an add-on therapy?

Answer 27

Asthma

Question 28

What is the mechanism of action for Ipratropium and Tiotropium?

Answer 28

Block M3 receptors on bronchial smooth muscle, causing bronchodilation and reducing mucus secretion

Question 29

How are Ipratropium and Tiotropium administered?

Answer 29

Inhalation (via inhaler or nebulizer)

Question 30

What is the key difference between Ipratropium and Tiotropium?

Answer 30

Ipratropium is shorter-acting; Tiotropium is longer-acting (once-daily dosing)

Question 31

What is a common adverse effect of Ipratropium and Tiotropium?

Answer 31

Dry mouth

Question 32

Fill in the blank: Ipratropium and Tiotropium are classified as _______.

Answer 32

Bronchodilators

Question 33

True or False: Tiotropium is used primarily for asthma treatment.

Answer 33

False

Question 34

What type of agonists are Oxymetazoline and Phenylephrine?

Answer 34

Alpha-1 Selective Agonists ## Footnote Both are direct-acting and selective for alpha receptors.

Question 35

Are Oxymetazoline and Phenylephrine catecholamines?

Answer 35

No ## Footnote Neither Oxymetazoline nor Phenylephrine is classified as a catecholamine.

Question 36

What is the primary use of Oxymetazoline?

Answer 36

Topical nasal decongestant ## Footnote It constricts blood vessels in the nasal mucosa.

Question 37

What are the adverse drug reactions (ADRs) associated with Oxymetazoline?

Answer 37

Rebound congestion, local irritation ## Footnote Prolonged use may lead to rebound congestion.

Question 38

List the uses of Phenylephrine.

Answer 38

* Nasal decongestant (oral or topical) * Vasopressor (to raise blood pressure in hypotension) * Mydriatic (to dilate pupils for eye exams) ## Footnote Phenylephrine can be administered both orally and topically.

Question 39

What are the adverse drug reactions (ADRs) of Phenylephrine?

Answer 39

* Hypertension * Reflex bradycardia * Headache * Excitability * Restlessness ## Footnote These ADRs can vary in severity among individuals.

Question 40

True or False: Oxymetazoline can cause rebound congestion with prolonged use.

Answer 40

True ## Footnote This is a common side effect when using Oxymetazoline for extended periods.

Question 41

example of a direct acting muscurinic agonist

Answer 41

Pilocarpine

Question 42

mechanism of pilocarpine

Answer 42

direct acting muscuranic agonist

Question 43

clinical use of pilocarpine

Answer 43

glaucoma ( to reduce intraocular pressure)

Question 44

how does the pilocarpine works

Answer 44

cause mitosis (pupil constriction) by contracting the circular muscle for the iris. This opens the trabecular meshwork improving drainage of aqueous humor and decrease the intraocular pressure

Question 45

adverse effect of pilocarpine

Answer 45

brow ache, induced myopia, decreased vision in low light

Question 46

example of Alpha-1 blocker

Answer 46

Prazosin and Tamsulosin

Question 47

adverse effect of prazosin and tamsulosin

Answer 47

* First-dose phenomenon: Orthostatic hypotension, dizziness, and syncope (fainting) after the first dose. This is less common with the uroselective agents. * Dizziness, headache, fatigue. * Retrograde ejaculation (particularly with tamsulosin, alfuzosin and silodosin).

Question 48

mechanism of selective alpha-1 blockers

Answer 48

Selectively block α1 receptors. * Vasodilation: Relax smooth muscle in blood vessels (lowering blood pressure). * Prostate: Relax smooth muscle in the prostate and bladder neck (improving urine flow)

Question 49

clinical use of Tamsolusin

Answer 49

Benign Prostatic cancer

Question 50

clinical use of prazosin

Answer 50

Hypertension