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BIO-168-1903 > Spinal Cord & Spinal Nerves > Flashcards

Spinal Cord & Spinal Nerves Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Twelve pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves with their ganglia make up the ________.

cauda equina

spinal cord

central nervous system

peripheral nervous system

A

peripheral nervous system

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2
Q

Which is not a function of the spinal cord?

Multiple choice question.

Integrates incoming information

Produces responses through reflexes

Produces hormones

Links brain and peripheral nervous system

A

Produces hormones

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3
Q

In an adult, the spinal cord extends down the vertebral column to the level of which vertebrae?

Multiple choice question.

S4-S5

S1-S2

L4-L5

L1-L2

A

L1-L2

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4
Q

The number of spinal cord segments is Blank______ the number of spinal nerve pairs.

Multiple choice question.

more than

equal to

less than

A

equal to

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5
Q

List the functions of the spinal cord.

Multiple select question.

It integrates incoming information.

It serves as the link between the brain and the PNS.

It produces responses through reflex mechanisms.

It senses stimuli from the environment.

A

It integrates incoming information.

It serves as the link between the brain and the PNS.

It produces responses through reflex mechanisms.

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6
Q

The conus medullaris is Blank______ to the filum terminale of the spinal cord.

Multiple choice question.

inferior

superior

A

superior

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7
Q

In an adult, the spinal cord begins at the Blank______ and ends at vertebrae Blank______.

Multiple choice question.

foramen magnum, S4-S5

foramen magnum, L1-L2

brainstem, S4-S5

A

foramen magnum, L1-L2

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8
Q

The spinal cord is divided into 4 segments; they are the _________, __________, lumbar, and the sacral.

A

cervical
thoracic

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9
Q

The spinal cord consists of Blank______ segments that each gives rise to a pair of spinal nerves.

Multiple choice question.

36

16

42

31

A

31

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10
Q

The PNS consists of _________ pair(s) of cranial nerves and
_________ pair of spinal nerves(s).

A

12 or twelve
31, thirty-one, or thirty one

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11
Q

The _______ are connective tissue membranes that surround the spinal cord and brain, separating them from the bones that surround them.

A

Meninges

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12
Q

From superficial to deepest layer of the meninges: ______, ______, ______.

A
  1. Dura
  2. Arachnoid
  3. Pia mater
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13
Q

Identify the regions of the spinal cord.

Multiple select question.

Thoracic

Inguinal

Cervical

Lumbar

Sacral

A

Thoracic

Cervical

Lumbar

Sacral

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14
Q

What is the function of the denticulate ligaments?

Multiple choice question.

They produce the cerebrospinal fluid

To limit lateral movement of the spinal cord

To hold the vertebrae together

They divide the hemispheres of the brain

A

To limit lateral movement of the spinal cord

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15
Q

Place the events of a basic reflex arc in the order in which action potentials will pass through.

Motor neuron conducts action potential to an effector organ.

Synapse with an interneuron

Sensory neuron conducts action potential to the CNS.

Synapse with a motor neuron

Sensory receptor detects a stimulus.

A
  1. Sensory receptor detects a stimulus.
  2. Sensory neuron conducts action potential to the CNS.
  3. Synapse with an interneuron
  4. Synapse with a motor neuron
  5. Motor neuron conducts action potential to an effector organ.
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16
Q

Polysynaptic reflexes are Blank______ complex than monosynaptic reflexes.

Multiple choice question.

more

less

A

more

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17
Q

Identify the structures found in the neuronal pathway of a monosynaptic reflex. hint 2

Multiple select question.

Motor neuron

Sensory neuron

Interneuron

A

Motor neuron

Sensory neuron

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18
Q

Place the events of a stretch reflex in chronological order.

Position 1 of 5 Alpha motor neuron conducts action potential to muscle. incorrect toggle button unavailable

Position 2 of 5 Muscle contracts and resists stretching. incorrect toggle button unavailable

Position 3 of 5 Sensory neurons conduct action potential to spinal cord. incorrect toggle button unavailable

Position 4 of 5 Muscle spindles detect stretch. incorrect toggle button unavailable

Position 5 of 5 Sensory neurons synapse with an alpha motor neuron. incorrect toggle button unavailable

A
  1. Muscle spindles detect stretch
  2. Sensory neurons conduct action potential to spinal cord
  3. Sensory neurons synapse with an alpha motor neuron
  4. Alpha motor neuron conducts action potential to muscle
  5. Muscle contracts and resists stretching
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19
Q

The ligaments that extend from the lateral sides of the spinal cord to dura mate are called _________ ligaments.

A

Denticulate

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20
Q

Name the reflex that is a complex pathway consisting of two or more interneurons between a sensory and motor neuron.

Multiple choice question.

Bisynaptic reflex

Polysynaptic reflex

Monosynaptic reflex

A

Polysynaptic reflex

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21
Q

Inhibition of alpha motor neurons.

Muscle relaxation.

Golgi tendon organ detects intense tension applied to tendon.

Sensory neuron synapses with motor neuron.

Sensory neuron conducts action potential to spinal cord.

A

Inhibition of alpha motor neurons.

Muscle relaxation.

Golgi tendon organ detects intense tension applied to tendon.

Sensory neuron conducts action potential to spinal cord.

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22
Q

Interneurons Blank______ part of monosynaptic reflexes.

Multiple choice question.

are

are not

A

are not

23
Q

Name the structure that extends laterally from the spinal cord and attaches to the dura mater to limit the lateral movement of the spinal cord.

Multiple choice question.

Denticulate ligament

Filum terminale

Adipose tissue

Pia mater

A

Denticulate ligament

24
Q

List the components of a reflex arc. Select all that apply.

Multiple select question.

Gray matter of brain

Sensory receptor

An effector organ

An interneuron

A

Sensory receptor

An effector organ

An interneuron

25
Q

What type of reflex is also called the flexor reflex?

Multiple choice question.

Golgi tendon organ reflex

Stretch reflex

Withdrawal reflex

A

Withdrawal reflex

26
Q

Place the events of a Golgi tendon reflex in chronological order.

Position 1 of 6 Muscle relaxation. incorrect toggle button unavailable

Position 2 of 6 Interneurons synapse with alpha motor neuron. incorrect toggle button unavailable

Position 3 of 6 Sensory neuron synapses with inhibitory interneurons. correct toggle button unavailable

Position 4 of 6 Inhibition of alpha motor neurons. incorrect toggle button unavailable

Position 5 of 6 Golgi tendon organ detects intense tension applied to tendon. incorrect toggle button unavailable

Position 6 of 6 Sensory neuron conducts action potential to spinal cord. incorrect toggle button unavailable

A
  1. Golgi tendon organ detects intense tension applied to tendon
  2. Sensory neuron conducts action potential to spinal cord
  3. Sensory neuron synapses with inhibitory interneurons
  4. Interneurons synapse with alpha motor neuron
  5. Inhibition of alpha motor neuron
  6. Muscle relaxation
27
Q

A simple pathway in which a sensory synapases directly with a motor neuron is called a ________ reflex.

A

monosynaptic

28
Q

Stretch reflexes are an example of Blank______ reflexes since they do not involve an interneuron.

A

monosynaptic

29
Q

What is the function of the denticulate ligaments?

To limit lateral movement of the spinal cord

They divide the hemispheres of the brain

To hold the vertebrae together

They produce the cerebrospinal fluid

A

To limit lateral movement of the spinal cord

30
Q

What type of reflex functions to remove a body part from a painful stimulus?

A

Withdrawal reflex

31
Q

Place the events of a withdrawal reflex in chronological order.

Position 1 of 6 Muscle contracts. incorrect toggle button unavailable

Position 2 of 6 Excitatory interneuron synapses with an alpha motor neuron. incorrect toggle button unavailable

Position 3 of 6 Pain receptors detect a painful stimulus. incorrect toggle button unavailable

Position 4 of 6 Sensory neuron synapses with an excitatory interneuron. incorrect toggle button unavailable

A
  1. Pain receptors detect a painful stimulus
  2. Sensory neurons conduct action potentials to the spinal cord
  3. Sensory neuron synapses with an excitatory interneuron
  4. Excitatory interneuron synapses with an alpha motor neuron
  5. Muscle contacts
  6. A body part is withdrawn from the painful stimulus
32
Q

Name the action that describes the concurrent relaxation of one muscle group when its opposing muscle group is involved in the stretch reflex.

Multiple choice question.

Reciprocal innervation

Cross extensor innervation

Dual innervation

A

Reciprocal innervation

33
Q

Name the structure that extends laterally from the spinal cord and attaches to the dura mater to limit the lateral movement of the spinal cord.

Multiple choice question.

Adipose tissue

Denticulate ligament

Pia mater

Filum terminale

A

Denticulate ligament

34
Q

Identify the process that allows for contraction of extensor muscles while flexor muscles of an opposite limb contract.

Multiple choice question.

Stretch reflex

Withdrawal reflex

Crossed extensor reflex

Reciprocal innervation

A

Crossed extensor reflex

35
Q

What type of reflex is also called the flexor reflex?

A

Withdrawal reflex

36
Q

An intermingling of nerves is called a(n) Blank______.

ramus

plexus

root

ganglion

A

plexus

37
Q

In the withdrawal reflex, alpha motor neurons usually stimulate Blank______ muscles.

A

flexor

38
Q

Identify the process that allows for relaxation of extensor muscles while opposing flexor muscles contract.

Withdrawal reflex

Reciprocal innervation

Stretch reflex

A

Reciprocal innervation

39
Q

The crossed extensor reflex prevents Blank______.

A

falls

40
Q

Identify the process that allows for contraction of extensor muscles while flexor muscles of an opposite limb contract.

Multiple choice question.

Reciprocal innervation

Crossed extensor reflex

Stretch reflex

Withdrawal reflex

A

Crossed extensor reflex

41
Q

Match the nerve plexus with the spinal nerves that form each.

A

Cervical plexus —— C1-C4
Brachial plexus —— C5-T1
Lumbar plexus —— L1-L4
Sacral plexus —— L4-S4
Coccygeal plexus —— S5-Co1

42
Q

In the Golgi tendon reflex, the alpha neuron is Blank______.

Multiple choice question.

activated

inhibited

A

inhibited

43
Q

The muscles of the hyoid, skin of the neck, the posterior portion of the head and the diaphragm are innervated by the ________ plexus.

A

Cervical plexus

44
Q

True or false: The radial and musculocutaneous nerves are major nerves of the brachial plexus.

True false question.
True
False

A

True

45
Q

Identify the function of crossed extensor reflex.

Multiple choice question.

Prevents damage to tendons and muscles caused by excessive tension

Removes a body part from a painful stimulus

Promotes extension of a limb,when an opposite limb is flexed

Promotes relaxation of extensor muscles while opposing flexor muscles contract

A

Promotes extension of a limb,when an opposite limb is flexed

46
Q

Ventral rami from spinal nerves C5-T1 form the _______ plexus.

A

Brachial plexus

47
Q

Identify the structures innervated by the cervical plexus. Select all that apply.

Multiple select question.

Muscles of the hyoid

Skin of the neck

Upper limb

Posterior portion of the head

Diaphragm

Skin of the face

A

Muscles of the hyoid

Skin of the neck

Posterior portion of the head

Diaphragm

48
Q

Identify the five major nerves of the brachial plexus.

Multiple select question.

Ulnar nerve

Axillary nerve

Sciatic nerve

Radial nerve

Obturator nerve

Phrenic nerve

Median nerve

Musculocutaneous nerve

A

Ulnar nerve

Axillary nerve

Radial nerve

Median nerve

Musculocutaneous nerve

49
Q

The obturator, femoral, tibial and common fibular nerves arise from the Blank______ plexus.

Multiple choice question.

coccygeal

thoracic

lumbosacral

cervical

A

lumbosacral

50
Q

Ventral rami from spinal nerves L1-L5 form the _______ plexus

A

Lumbar

51
Q

The plexus that gives rise to the obturator nerve is the

A

plexus.

52
Q

Superficial neck muscles are innervated by nerves of the Blank______ plexus.

Multiple choice question.

sacral

cervical

brachial

lumbar

A

cervical

53
Q

Identify the major nerves of the lumbosacral plexus. Select all that apply.

Multiple select question.

Brachial nerve

Common fibular nerve

Vertebral nerve

Tibial nerve

Obturator nerve

Femoral nerve

A

Common fibular nerve

Tibial nerve

Obturator nerve

Femoral nerve

54
Q

The obturator, femoral, tibial and common fibular nerves arise from the Blank______ plexus.

Multiple choice question.

coccygeal

cervical

lumbosacral

thoracic

A

lumbosacral

BIO-168-1903 (11 decks)

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