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BIO-168-1903 > Functional organization of Nervous Tissue > Flashcards

Functional organization of Nervous Tissue Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two structural organizations of the Nervous system?

A
  1. Central Nervous system (CNS)
  2. Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
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2
Q

What are the two functional organizations of the nervous system?

A
  1. The sensory division ( the PNS carries info from the receptors to the CNS.
  2. The motor division (the PNS carries commands from the CNS to effectors)
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3
Q

What are the two major control systems in the body?

A
  1. Nervous system
  2. Endocrine system
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4
Q

The ______ system is made up of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors and uses electrical and chemical signals to control functions in the body.

A

Nervous system

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5
Q

Nervous tissue is composed of what two main cell types?

A
  1. neurons
  2. glial cells
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6
Q

_____ are electrically excited cells of the nervous system.

A

Neurons

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7
Q

A ___ is a collection of many axons bundled together outside the brain and the spinal cord.

A

Nerve

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8
Q

________ ________, of which there are 12 pairs, originate from the brain .

A

Cranial nerves

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9
Q

________ _______, of which there are 31 pairs, originate from the spinal cord.

A

Spinal nerves

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10
Q

A _______ is a bundle of nerves outside the brain and spinal cord.

A

Plexus

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11
Q

Some ______ form clusters of cell bodies outside the brain and spinal cord called ______.

A
  1. Neurons
  2. Ganglia
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12
Q

The ________ system consists of the brain and spinal cord.

A

Nervous system

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13
Q

The _______ system consists of, facial, thorax, ganglia, upper limb, abdominal, and lower limb nerves.

A

Peripheral nervous system

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14
Q

______ are supportive cells that serve many functions for the neuron.

A

Glial

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15
Q

Neurons and glial cells allow the nervous system to serve s multitude of functions in the body, there are 5.

A
  1. Maintaining homeostasis
  2. Receiving sensory input
  3. Integrating information
  4. Controlling muscles and glands
  5. Establishing and maintaining mental activity
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16
Q

The ______ can be thought of the key decision maker.

A

CNS

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17
Q

The ______ is the messenger that provides input about the body to the CNS and then delivers the CNS decision on how the body is to respond to a particular stimuli.

A

PNS

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18
Q

The ______ has two primary divisions: sensory, and motor divisions.

A

PNS

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19
Q

The _______ division transmits electrical signals from specialized receptors in the body toward the CNS.

A

Sensory

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20
Q

The Sensory division is also called the _______ division.

A

afferent division

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21
Q

The _______ division, transmits electrical signals from the CNS to effector organs, such as muscle and glands.

A

Motor

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22
Q

The Motor division is also called the ______ division.

A

Efferent division

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23
Q

The _______ division consists of two branches: the somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous sytsem.

A

Motor

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24
Q

The _______ nervous system is voluntary. While the _______ nervous system is involuntary.

A
  1. Somatic
  2. Autonatic
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25
Q

There are two major subdivisions of the ________ nervous system, the sympathetic division and the parasympathetic division.

A

Automatic nervous system

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26
Q

The _________ division readies the body for physical activity and is called the flight-or-flight division.

A

Sympathetic division

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27
Q

The _________ division regulates resting functions, such as digesting food or slowing the heart rate, and is called the rest- and-digest division.

A

Parasympathetic

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28
Q

The third division of the nervous system is the ________ system, which consists of neuronal networks within the walls of the digestive tract.

A

Enteric nervous system.

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29
Q

The two major control systems in the body are the Blank______ system and the Blank______ system.

A

nervous, endocrine

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30
Q

Which cell type accounts for over half of the brain’s weight and outnumbers neurons by 10 to 50 times?

A

Glial cells

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31
Q

The _______ is also known as the cell body.

A

Soma

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32
Q

The cytoplasm of an axon is called the ________.

A

Axoplasm

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33
Q

The _______ is the rough endoplasmic reticulum of a neuron responsible for protein synthesis.

A

Nissl body

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34
Q

The _______ terminal is the enlarged end of the axon containing vesicles filled with neurotransmitters.

A

Presynaptic terminal

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35
Q

The _____ part of a neuron makes proteins and packages them into vesicles.

A

Cell body

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36
Q

The highly branched cytoplasmic extensions of a neuron cell body that are specialized to receive input and conduct signals toward the cell body are called Blank______.

A

dendrites

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37
Q

The point of contact between an axon and its target is called a(n) Blank______.

A

synapse

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38
Q

Neurons have extensive rough endoplasmic reticulum called ______ bodies.

A

Nissl

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39
Q

________ are extensions of the cell body and receive information from other neurons or form sensory receptors.

A

Dendrites

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40
Q

Dendrites are short, often highly branched __________ extensions.

A

cytoplasmic

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41
Q

What substance fills synaptic vesicles?

A

Neurotransmitters

42
Q

_______ conducts impulses towards the CNS.

A

Sensory neurons

43
Q

______ conducts impulses away from the CNS.

A

Motor neuron

44
Q

________ conducts impulses from one neuron to another neuron within the CNS.

A

Interneuron

45
Q

A synapse is a Blank______.

A

junction between two cells

46
Q

Interneurons conduct impulses with the Blank______.

A

central nervous system

47
Q

Neurons can be classified by their function and structure? T/F

A

True

48
Q

There are three functional categories based on the direction action potentials conduction: ________ (afferent neuron), ________ (efferent neuron), and the ________ conduct action potentials within the CNS from one neuron to another.

A
  1. Sensory neuron
  2. Motor neuron
  3. Interneurons
49
Q

There are four major functional categories based of the number of dendrites: ______, _______, ________, ________.

A
  1. Multipolar
  2. Bipolar
  3. Pseudo-unipolar
  4. Anaxonic
50
Q

The small, membrane-bound organelles that are found in the presynaptic terminals and which contain neurotransmitters are called Blank______.

A

synaptic vesicles

51
Q

Supporting cells such as oligodendrocytes and ependymal cells are examples of Blank______ cells.

A

glia

52
Q

There are two types of glial cells in the PNS: _________, and ________ cells.

A
  1. Schwann cells
  2. Satellite cells
53
Q

_________ cells form myelin sheaths.

A

Schwann cells

54
Q

Myelin sheaths are Blank______ in nodes of Ranvier.

A

absent

55
Q

The knotlike swelling in a nerve where neuron cell bodies are found is called a Blank______.

A

ganglion

56
Q

Multipolar is a Blank______ classification for a neuron.
(structural or functional)

A

Structural

57
Q

Schwann cells and satellite cells are examples of neuroglial cells in the Blank______ nervous system.

A

peripheral

58
Q

Electrically excitable cells use the difference of Blank______ across the cell membrane to carry out their functions.

A

ions

59
Q

On myelinated axons, small gaps exist between adjacent Schwann cells; these gaps are known as _______ of _______

A

Nodes of Ranvier

60
Q

Identify the statements that are true regarding the nature of the large proteins found within neurons.

They act as receptors to neurotransmitters.

They are negatively charged.

They are synthesized inside the cell.

They do not readily diffuse through the membrane.

A

They are negatively charged.

They are synthesized inside the cell.

They do not readily diffuse through the membrane.

61
Q

The movement of ions across the cell membrane can change the charge difference across that membrane and stimulate Blank______.

A

voltage gated channels to open

62
Q

What is the nature of the signal that propagates along neurons that ultimately regulates and coordinates the functions of the body?
It is hormonal.

It is electrical.

It is chemical.

A

It is electrical.

63
Q

The concentrations of ions in the cytoplasm of neurons is ______ the concentrations of ions outside the cells.

different than

the same as

A

different than

64
Q

When a charge difference exists across the plasma membrane, this difference is referred to as the membrane ______.

A

Potential

65
Q

Proteins ______ easily diffuse across the cell membrane.

A

cannot

66
Q

Resting membrane potential is measured using a(n) Blank______.

A

oscilloscope

67
Q

In a resting cell there is a higher concentration of _____ inside the cell and a higher concentration of _____ outside the cell.

A

K (potassium)
Na (sodium)

68
Q

The term “_________ __________” refers to the difference in electrical charge across the plasma membrane.

A

potential difference

69
Q

When the membrane potential decreases, the inside of the membrane becomes ______ negative. This is called ______.

more; hyperpolarization

more; depolarization

less; hyperpolarization

less; depolarization

A

less; depolarization

70
Q

An increase in a membrane’s permeability to Na+ will result in ______ of the membrane.

A

depolarization

71
Q

Closed voltage-gated sodium channels are stabilized ______.

calcium

oxygen

potassium

A

calcium

72
Q

The Blank______ is proportional to the tendency of K+ to diffuse out of the cell and not to the actual rate of flow for K+.

resting membrane potential

action potential

graded potential

A

resting membrane potential

73
Q

______ occurs when the inside of the plasma membrane becomes more negative, and Blank______ occurs when the inside of the plasma membrane becomes less negative.

Hyperpolarization, depolarization

Depolarization, hyperpolarization

Depolarization, repolarization

A

Hyperpolarization, depolarization

74
Q

Explain why Na+ ions diffuse into the neuron when the Na+ channels open.

A

Na+ is more concentrated outside the cell than inside; hence, the concentration gradient causes diffusion into the cell.

75
Q

Identify the characteristics of action potentials.

They are all-or-none.

The strength of the stimulus determines the frequency of the action potentials.

They are propagated in a non-decremental fashion.

The strength of the stimulus determines the magnitude of the action potential.

Multiple stimuli can create larger action potentials, and fewer stimuli can create smaller action potentials.

A

They are all-or-none.

The strength of the stimulus determines the frequency of the action potentials.

They are propagated in a non-decremental fashion.

76
Q

______ potentials are conducted in a decremental fashion, while Blank______ potentials are conducted with a constant magnitude.

Action, graded

Graded, membrane

Graded, action

Membrane, graded

A

Graded, action

77
Q

Identify the phases of an action potential.

Depolarization

Afterpotential

Hyperpotential

Repolarization

A

Depolarization

Afterpotential

Repolarization

78
Q

During an action potential, an increase in membrane permeability to Na+ leads to a(n) Blank______ followed by an increase in permeability to K+ that leads to a(n) Blank______ of the membrane and a slight afterhyperpolarization.

depolarization, repolarization

repolarization, depolarization

A

depolarization, repolarization

79
Q

A period of time after a nerve cell has responded to a stimulus in which it cannot be re-excited by a threshold stimulus is called a(n) Blank______ period.

Multiple choice question.

latent

refractory

inhibitory

excitatory

A

refractory

80
Q

Once stimulated, a single action potential Blank______.

Multiple choice question.

travels long distance along the entire plasma membrane

stops once it passes the axonal hillock

travels only a short distance before stimulating another action potential

A

travels only a short distance before stimulating another action potential

81
Q

Action potentials propagate in Blank______ along the axon

A

one direction

82
Q

A refractory period is a time in which the plasma membrane becomes Blank______ to further stimulation.

Multiple choice question.

less sensitive

more sensitive

A

less sensitive

83
Q

The type of action potential conduction in an unmyelinated axon is Blank______ conduction.

Multiple choice question.

saltatory

local

depolarization

continuous

A

continuous

84
Q

The purpose of the absolute refractory period is to Blank______.

increase the speed of the propagation of action potentials

decrease the speed of the propagation of action potentials

prevent action potentials from being generated in reverse direction

prevent action potentials from being generated in the forward direction

A

prevent action potentials from being generated in reverse direction

85
Q

Place in order the events of the propagation of an action potential in a myelinated axon. Start with the generation of an action potential.

The next action potential is generated. incorrect toggle button unavailable

Local currents flow to the next node of Ranvier. incorrect toggle button unavailable

Threshold is reached in the membrane. incorrect toggle button unavailable

Local currents are generated. incorrect toggle button unavailable

Local currents promote depolarization. incorrect toggle button unavailable

An initial action potential is generated. incorrect toggle button unavailable

A
  1. An initial action potential is generated
  2. Local currents are generated
  3. Local currents flow to the next node of Ranvier
  4. Local currents promote depolarization
  5. Threshold is reached in the membrane
  6. The next action potential is generated
86
Q

The propagation of action potentials from one node of Ranvier to another along a myelinated axon is called Blank______ conduction.

Multiple choice question.

electrical

saltatory

A

saltatory

87
Q

Which channels are highly concentrated in the nodes of Ranvier?

Multiple choice question.

Voltage-gated sodium channels

Ligand-gated potassium channels

Voltage-gated potassium channels

Ligand-gated sodium channels

A

Voltage-gated sodium channels

88
Q

At a synapse, the neuron that responds to the neurotransmitter is the Blank______ neuron.

Multiple choice question.

postsynaptic

presynaptic

A

postsynaptic

89
Q

The type of synapse that occurs when a neurotransmitter is used to communicate a message to an effector is called a(n) __________ synapse.

A

chemical synapse

90
Q

The entry of calcium into the synaptic knob triggers _________.

opening of sodium gates

production of neurotransmitter

the development of a local potential

exocytosis of neurotransmitter

A

exocytosis of neurotransmitter

91
Q

The target cell receiving a signal from a cell is called the _________ cell.

A

Postsynaptic cell

92
Q

How do neurotransmitters move across a synaptic cleft?

Diffusion

Active transport

Vesicular transport

A

Diffusion

93
Q

Within a chemical synapse, the receptors Blank______.

Multiple choice question.

are only responsive to changes in voltage

bind to a variety of different ligands

bind to very specific ligands

are always degraded by enzymes in order disable them

A

bind to very specific ligands

94
Q

A partial depolarization of a postsynaptic neuron or muscle cell in response to a neurotransmitter is a(n) Blank______ postsynaptic potential.

Multiple choice question.

positive

inhibitory

negative

excitatory

A

excitatory

95
Q

Entry of Blank______ ions into the synaptic knob triggers exocytosis of neurotransmitters.

Multiple choice question.

chloride

potassium

calcium

sodium

A

calcium

96
Q

Place the events of a chemical synapse in chronological order, starting with the first at the top.

action potential reaches the presynaptic terminal.

Voltage-gated Ca++ channels open.

Ca++ diffuses into the presynaptic terminal.

Neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft.

Neurotransmitters bind to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane.

Depolarization or hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membrane occurs.

A
  1. An action potential reaches the presynaptic terminal
  2. Voltage-gated Ca++ channels open
  3. Ca++ diffuses into the presynaptic terminal
  4. Neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft
  5. Neurotransmitters bind to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane.
  6. Depolarization or hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membrane occurs.
97
Q

Describe characteristics of receptors at the synapses. Select all that apply.

Multiple select question.

They only open in response to voltage changes across the membrane

Only specific molecules are able to bind to the receptors

They are ligand activated receptors

All receptors are gated ion channels

A

Only specific molecules are able to bind to the receptors

They are ligand activated receptors

98
Q

Excitatory postsynaptic potentials are due to the entry of the electrolyte __________ through gated ion channels in the postsynaptic membrane.

A

Sodium

99
Q

Acetylcholine Blank______ bind to norepinephrine receptors.

Multiple choice question.

can

cannot

A

cannot

100
Q

During an EPSP, sodium channels Blank______.

Multiple choice question.

open

close

A

open

BIO-168-1903 (11 decks)

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