Integration of nervous system functions Flashcards by Maiyah Lieferman

the items that are considered visceral senses.

Multiple select question.

Vibration

Proprioception

Pressure in organs

Touch

Temperature

Stomachache

Pressure in organs

Stomachache

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Pain receptors are also called Blank______.

Multiple choice question.

chemoreceptors

mechanoreceptors

nociceptors

photoreceptors

nociceptors

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The process of generating action potentials in response to a stimulus is ___________ and the conscious awareness of the stimuli is referred to as ____________.

Sensation
Perception

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The simplest receptors are ____________ nerve ending receptors.

free

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Merkel disks are also called Blank______.

Multiple choice question.

pain receptors

tactile disks

free nerve endings

tactile disks

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Pacinian corpuscles respond to what types of stimuli?

Multiple choice question.

Tickle and itch

Light touch and vibration

Deep pressure and vibration

Changes in temperature

Deep pressure and vibration

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Meissner corpuscles are also known as Blank______.

Multiple choice question.

tactile corpuscles

lamellated corpuscles

proprioceptors

tactile corpuscles

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Two-point discrimination is the ability to detect Blank______.

Multiple choice question.

stimulation of two distinct areas of the skin

the distance between two objects detected by the photoreceptors

stimulation of two adjacent hair follicle receptors

stimulation of two different skeletal muscles

stimulation of two distinct areas of the skin

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What type of mechanoreceptors provide sensitivity but not localization of light touch when skin hairs are bent?

Multiple choice question.

Pacinian corpuscles

Ruffini end organs

Meissner corpuscles

Hair follicle receptors

Merkel disks

Hair follicle receptors

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Identify the characteristics of Pacinian corpuscles. Select all that apply.

Multiple select question.

They are located in the epidermis.

They detect heavy pressure.

They detect temperature.

They detect vibration.

They are encapsulated.

They detect heavy pressure.

They detect vibration.

They are encapsulated.

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Ruffini end organs are located primarily in the skin of the Blank______.

Multiple choice question.

fingers

posterior abdomen

lips

fingers

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Meissner corpuscles are found in the Blank______ and function in Blank______.

Multiple choice question.

dermis, detecting vibration

epidermis, detecting light touch

subcutaneous tissue, detecting deep pressure

dermis, two-point discrimination

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The specific receptors that respond to changes in length of the muscle and thus play a role in control and tone of postural muscles are Blank______.

Multiple choice question.

muscle spindles

Pacinian corpuscles

Meissner corpuscles

Golgi tendon organs

muscle spindles

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Golgi tendon organs occupy tendons and are stimulated when muscle tension increases; they initiate a reflex that inhibits muscle Blank______.

Multiple choice question.

contraction

relaxation

contraction

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What type of mechanoreceptors are found primarily in the dermis of the fingers and respond to continuous touch or pressure?

Multiple choice question.

Merkel disks

Ruffini end organs

Pacinian corpuscles

Meissner corpuscles

Ruffini end organs

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Identify the ascending pathways that are involved in conscious perception of external stimuli.

Multiple select question.

Spinomesencephalic tract

Spinoreticular tract

Dorsal-column/medial-lemniscal system

Spinothalamic tract

Spinocerebellar tract

Dorsal-column/medial-lemniscal system

Spinothalamic tract

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Neuromodulators from descending pathways Blank______ the frequency of action potentials in sensory tracts.

Multiple choice question.

increase

decrease

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Golgi tendon organs are Blank______.

Multiple choice question.

photoreceptors

thermoreceptors

nociceptors

proprioceptors

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Ascending spinal pathways transmit __________ information via action potentials.

Sensory

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What areas of the cortex are involved in the conscious perception, localization and identification of stimuli?

Multiple choice question.

Primary sensory areas

Primary motor areas

Secondary sensory areas

Projection cortical regions

Primary sensory areas

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The spinothalamic tract and dorsal-column/medial-lemniscal system are both involved with Blank______ perception of external stimuli.

Multiple choice question.

conscious

unconscious

subliminal

conscious

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Which is an example of a neuromodulator that reduces pain perception by reducing action potentials in pain pathways?

Multiple choice question.

Endorphin

GABA

Serotonin

Endorphin

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What term refers to the “little human” drawing that represents the topography of the primary sensory and motor areas?

Multiple choice question.

Adaptation apparatus

Fasciculus cuneatus

Projection image

Homunculus

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The areas of the cortex involved in the conscious perception, localization and identification of stimuli are called the primary _________ areas.

Sensory

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The spinothalamic tract is a(n) Blank______ and carries Blank______ information. Multiple choice question. ascending; unconscious ascending; conscious descending; unconscious descending; conscious

ascending; conscious

Which neuron directly stimulates skeletal muscle? Multiple choice question. Lower motor neuron Upper motor neuron

Lower motor neuron

An image of the body mapped on to the primary somatic sensory cortex, where size of the body regions is determined by number of sensory receptors in that area is called a Blank______. Multiple choice question. topographical map homunculus cortical diagram gyrus

homunculus

The primary motor area is found at the Blank______ gyrus of the Blank______ lobe. Multiple choice question. postcentral; parietal precentral; parietal postcentral; frontal precentral; frontal

precentral; frontal

An area of the cerebral cortex, called the Blank______ cortex, provides the motivation to plan and carry out voluntary muscle actions. Multiple choice question. premotor prefrontal motor

prefrontal

What areas of the cortex are involved in the conscious perception, localization and identification of stimuli? Multiple choice question. Primary motor areas Secondary sensory areas Primary sensory areas Projection cortical regions

Primary sensory areas

Identify the roles of the motor areas of the brain and spinal cord. Select all that apply. Multiple select question. Maintaining posture Moving head, limbs, and trunk Verbal and nonverbal communication Expression of individual personality traits Perception of pain Recognition of visual images

Maintaining posture Moving head, limbs, and trunk Verbal and nonverbal communication

Regions of the cerebral cortex where recognition, judgment, perception, and emotional connections occur are specifically referred to as Blank______ areas. Multiple choice question. primary cortical projection association

association

Which type of motor pathways originate in the cerebral cortex and control conscious, skilled movements? Multiple choice question. Direct Indirect

Direct

Put the following structures in order for control of voluntary movements. Start with the cerebral cortex. Position 1 of 4 Primary motor area correct toggle button unavailable Position 2 of 4 Upper motor neurons correct toggle button unavailable Position 3 of 4 Lower motor neurons correct toggle button unavailable Position 4 of 4 Skeletal muscles correct toggle button unavailable

1. Primary motor area 2. Upper motor neurons 3. Lower motor neurons 4. Skeletal muscles

The precentral gyrus controls many voluntary movements and is referred to as the Blank______. Multiple choice question. primary somatosensory cortex primary motor cortex premotor cortex

primary motor cortex

The area of the frontal lobe associated with motivation, foresight, emotional behaviors, and mood is called the _______ area.

prefrontal

The Blank______ areas of the brain and spinal cord are responsible for movement, communication, and reflexes. Multiple choice question. motor sensory association somatic

motor

______ motor pathways are involved in muscle tone and finely controlled movements, whereas Blank______ motor pathways are involved in overall coordination and posture. Multiple choice question. Indirect, direct Direct, indirect Descending, ascending

Direct, indirect

Which neuron directly stimulates skeletal muscle? Multiple choice question. Lower motor neuron Upper motor neuron

Lower motor neuron

Crossing over of most fibers of the corticospinal tracts occurs in the Blank______. Multiple choice question. lower spinal cord cerebral peduncles superior colliculus of midbrain pyramidal decussation of medulla

pyramidal decussation of medulla

The direct pathway that terminates in the brainstem is the _________ tract whereas the pathway that terminates in the anterior horn of the spinal cord is the ________.

1. corticobulbar 2. corticospinal

True or false: The basal nuclei can affect muscle activity by stimulating and inhibiting muscles. True false question. True False

True

The Blank______ modulates cyclical functions, including the sleep-wake cycle. Multiple choice question. basal nucleus limbic system reticular activating system endoplasmic reticulum

reticular activating system

The pyramids of the medulla contain Blank______ motor pathways. Multiple choice question. direct indirect

direct

The corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts differ in which ways? Multiple select question. Their origins Their terminations The muscles they control One controls voluntary movements and the other controls involuntary movements.

Their terminations The muscles they control

The connections of the basal nuclei form Blank______ feedback loops. Multiple choice question. only inhibitory both stimulatory and inhibitory only stimulatory both stimulatory and positive

both stimulatory and inhibitory

The major function of the reticular activating system is to maintain Blank______. Multiple choice question. satiety consciousness hormone levels sleep balance

consciousness

Crossing over of most fibers of the corticospinal tracts occurs in the Blank______. Multiple choice question. superior colliculus of midbrain pyramidal decussation of medulla lower spinal cord cerebral peduncles

pyramidal decussation of medulla

The brainstem is an important site for descending pathways and reflexes such as Blank______. Multiple select question. corticobulbar tract accessory nerve projections descending reticular fibers tactile sensory axons from periphery corticospinal tracts

corticobulbar tract descending reticular fibers corticospinal tracts

The structure that functions as reflex centers for movements in response to visual, auditory, and tactile stimuli is the Blank______ colliculi. Multiple choice question. superior lateral inferior

superior

What two main categories of motor output project from the brainstem? Multiple select question. Parasympathetic Somatic Sympathetic Sensory

Parasympathetic Somatic

The corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts differ in which ways? Multiple select question. The muscles they control Their terminations Their origins One controls voluntary movements and the other controls involuntary movements.

The muscles they control Their terminations

The superior colliculi initiate eye and head movements in response to which type of stimuli? Multiple select question. Olfactory Visual Auditory Gustatory Tactile

Visual Auditory Tactile

Cardiovascular and respiratory function are regulated by nuclei located in the _______.

Brainstem

Crossing over of most fibers of the corticospinal tracts occurs in the Blank______. Multiple choice question. pyramidal decussation of medulla lower spinal cord superior colliculus of midbrain cerebral peduncles

pyramidal decussation of medulla

Fibers from the reticular formation descend through the Blank______. Multiple choice question. thalamus cerebellum spinal nerves brainstem

brainstem

What is the function of the Wernicke area? Multiple choice question. Recognition of visual stimulus Articulation of spoken words Interpretation of written and spoken language Maintenance of equilibrium

Interpretation of written and spoken language

Broca's area (motor speech area) is located in the Blank______ lobe of the cerebrum. Multiple choice question. occipital parietal temporal frontal

frontal

Speech, artistic ability, and emotions are functions of the Blank______. Multiple choice question. spinal cord brain hypothalamus heart

brain

The area responsible for the formation of spoken words is the Blank______. Multiple choice question. precentral gyrus primary visual cortex Wernicke area Broca area

Broca area

Electrical activity in the brain is normally Blank______. Multiple choice question. synchronous not synchronous

not synchronous

The left and right cerebral hemispheres are connected by a commissural structure called the

corpus callosum

An electroencephalogram displays _____ waves.

Brain

During deep sleep, REM Blank______. Multiple choice question. occurs does not occur

does not occur

Association of information with a strong emotion Blank______ the consolidation of short-term to long-term memory. Multiple choice question. inhibits has no effect on increases decreases

increases

True or false: Declarative memory and procedural memory are involved in similar information types, but occur in different areas of the brain and use different underlying mechanisms. True false question. True False

False

What type of memory is more resistant to brain trauma? Multiple choice question. Short-term Long-term

Long-term

What process involves the gradual formation of strong, new synaptic connections between neurons, contributing to the formation of long-term memory? Multiple choice question. Reticular formation Long-term potentiation Consolidation

Consolidation

The type of long-term memory involved in remembering skilled activities, such as playing a musical instrument, is called _______ memory.

procedural

Memory involving the retention of facts is Blank______ memory whereas memory involving the development of skills is Blank______ memory. Multiple choice question. declarative, procedural procedural, declarative working, non-working short-term, long-term

declarative, procedural

Identify the items that can enhance the consolidation of long-term memory. Multiple select question. Association Repetition Potentiation Phosphorylation

Association Repetition

What functional changes can occur in the brain in the aging process? Multiple select question. Decreased long-term memory Decreased short-term memory Hyperactivity of reflexes Sleeping difficulties Decreased cognitive abilities

Decreased short-term memory Sleeping difficulties Decreased cognitive abilities