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BIO-168-1903 > Integration of nervous system functions > Flashcards

Integration of nervous system functions Flashcards

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1
Q

the items that are considered visceral senses.

Multiple select question.

Vibration

Proprioception

Pressure in organs

Touch

Temperature

Stomachache

A

Pressure in organs

Stomachache

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2
Q

Pain receptors are also called Blank______.

Multiple choice question.

chemoreceptors

mechanoreceptors

nociceptors

photoreceptors

A

nociceptors

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3
Q

The process of generating action potentials in response to a stimulus is ___________ and the conscious awareness of the stimuli is referred to as ____________.

A
  1. Sensation
  2. Perception
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4
Q

The simplest receptors are ____________ nerve ending receptors.

A

free

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5
Q

Merkel disks are also called Blank______.

Multiple choice question.

pain receptors

tactile disks

free nerve endings

A

tactile disks

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6
Q

Pacinian corpuscles respond to what types of stimuli?

Multiple choice question.

Tickle and itch

Light touch and vibration

Deep pressure and vibration

Changes in temperature

A

Deep pressure and vibration

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7
Q

Meissner corpuscles are also known as Blank______.

Multiple choice question.

tactile corpuscles

lamellated corpuscles

proprioceptors

A

tactile corpuscles

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8
Q

Two-point discrimination is the ability to detect Blank______.

Multiple choice question.

stimulation of two distinct areas of the skin

the distance between two objects detected by the photoreceptors

stimulation of two adjacent hair follicle receptors

stimulation of two different skeletal muscles

A

stimulation of two distinct areas of the skin

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9
Q

What type of mechanoreceptors provide sensitivity but not localization of light touch when skin hairs are bent?

Multiple choice question.

Pacinian corpuscles

Ruffini end organs

Meissner corpuscles

Hair follicle receptors

Merkel disks

A

Hair follicle receptors

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10
Q

Identify the characteristics of Pacinian corpuscles. Select all that apply.

Multiple select question.

They are located in the epidermis.

They detect heavy pressure.

They detect temperature.

They detect vibration.

They are encapsulated.

A

They detect heavy pressure.

They detect vibration.

They are encapsulated.

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11
Q

Ruffini end organs are located primarily in the skin of the Blank______.

Multiple choice question.

fingers

posterior abdomen

lips

A

fingers

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12
Q

Meissner corpuscles are found in the Blank______ and function in Blank______.

Multiple choice question.

dermis, detecting vibration

epidermis, detecting light touch

subcutaneous tissue, detecting deep pressure

dermis, two-point discrimination

A

dermis, two-point discrimination

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13
Q

The specific receptors that respond to changes in length of the muscle and thus play a role in control and tone of postural muscles are Blank______.

Multiple choice question.

muscle spindles

Pacinian corpuscles

Meissner corpuscles

Golgi tendon organs

A

muscle spindles

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14
Q

Golgi tendon organs occupy tendons and are stimulated when muscle tension increases; they initiate a reflex that inhibits muscle Blank______.

Multiple choice question.

contraction

relaxation

A

contraction

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15
Q

What type of mechanoreceptors are found primarily in the dermis of the fingers and respond to continuous touch or pressure?

Multiple choice question.

Merkel disks

Ruffini end organs

Pacinian corpuscles

Meissner corpuscles

A

Ruffini end organs

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16
Q

Identify the ascending pathways that are involved in conscious perception of external stimuli.

Multiple select question.

Spinomesencephalic tract

Spinoreticular tract

Dorsal-column/medial-lemniscal system

Spinothalamic tract

Spinocerebellar tract

A

Dorsal-column/medial-lemniscal system

Spinothalamic tract

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17
Q

Neuromodulators from descending pathways Blank______ the frequency of action potentials in sensory tracts.

Multiple choice question.

increase

decrease

A

decrease

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18
Q

Golgi tendon organs are Blank______.

Multiple choice question.

photoreceptors

thermoreceptors

nociceptors

proprioceptors

A

proprioceptors

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19
Q

Ascending spinal pathways transmit __________ information via action potentials.

A

Sensory

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20
Q

What areas of the cortex are involved in the conscious perception, localization and identification of stimuli?

Multiple choice question.

Primary sensory areas

Primary motor areas

Secondary sensory areas

Projection cortical regions

A

Primary sensory areas

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21
Q

The spinothalamic tract and dorsal-column/medial-lemniscal system are both involved with Blank______ perception of external stimuli.

Multiple choice question.

conscious

unconscious

subliminal

A

conscious

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22
Q

Which is an example of a neuromodulator that reduces pain perception by reducing action potentials in pain pathways?

Multiple choice question.

Endorphin

GABA

Serotonin

A

Endorphin

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23
Q

What term refers to the “little human” drawing that represents the topography of the primary sensory and motor areas?

Multiple choice question.

Adaptation apparatus

Fasciculus cuneatus

Projection image

Homunculus

A

Homunculus

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24
Q

The areas of the cortex involved in the conscious perception, localization and identification of stimuli are called the primary _________ areas.

A

Sensory

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25
Q

The spinothalamic tract is a(n) Blank______ and carries Blank______ information.

Multiple choice question.

ascending; unconscious

ascending; conscious

descending; unconscious

descending; conscious

A

ascending; conscious

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26
Q

Which neuron directly stimulates skeletal muscle?

Multiple choice question.

Lower motor neuron

Upper motor neuron

A

Lower motor neuron

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27
Q

An image of the body mapped on to the primary somatic sensory cortex, where size of the body regions is determined by number of sensory receptors in that area is called a Blank______.

Multiple choice question.

topographical map

homunculus

cortical diagram

gyrus

A

homunculus

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28
Q

The primary motor area is found at the Blank______ gyrus of the Blank______ lobe.

Multiple choice question.

postcentral; parietal

precentral; parietal

postcentral; frontal

precentral; frontal

A

precentral; frontal

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29
Q

An area of the cerebral cortex, called the Blank______ cortex, provides the motivation to plan and carry out voluntary muscle actions.

Multiple choice question.

premotor

prefrontal

motor

A

prefrontal

30
Q

What areas of the cortex are involved in the conscious perception, localization and identification of stimuli?

Multiple choice question.

Primary motor areas

Secondary sensory areas

Primary sensory areas

Projection cortical regions

A

Primary sensory areas

31
Q

Identify the roles of the motor areas of the brain and spinal cord. Select all that apply.

Multiple select question.

Maintaining posture

Moving head, limbs, and trunk

Verbal and nonverbal communication

Expression of individual personality traits

Perception of pain

Recognition of visual images

A

Maintaining posture

Moving head, limbs, and trunk

Verbal and nonverbal communication

32
Q

Regions of the cerebral cortex where recognition, judgment, perception, and emotional connections occur are specifically referred to as Blank______ areas.

Multiple choice question.

primary

cortical

projection

association

A

association

33
Q

Which type of motor pathways originate in the cerebral cortex and control conscious, skilled movements?

Multiple choice question.

Direct

Indirect

A

Direct

34
Q

Put the following structures in order for control of voluntary movements. Start with the cerebral cortex.

Position 1 of 4 Primary motor area correct toggle button unavailable

Position 2 of 4 Upper motor neurons correct toggle button unavailable

Position 3 of 4 Lower motor neurons correct toggle button unavailable

Position 4 of 4 Skeletal muscles correct toggle button unavailable

A
  1. Primary motor area
  2. Upper motor neurons
  3. Lower motor neurons
  4. Skeletal muscles
35
Q

The precentral gyrus controls many voluntary movements and is referred to as the Blank______.

Multiple choice question.

primary somatosensory cortex

primary motor cortex

premotor cortex

A

primary motor cortex

36
Q

The area of the frontal lobe associated with motivation, foresight, emotional behaviors, and mood is called the _______ area.

A

prefrontal

37
Q

The Blank______ areas of the brain and spinal cord are responsible for movement, communication, and reflexes.

Multiple choice question.

motor

sensory

association

somatic

A

motor

38
Q

______ motor pathways are involved in muscle tone and finely controlled movements, whereas Blank______ motor pathways are involved in overall coordination and posture.

Multiple choice question.

Indirect, direct

Direct, indirect

Descending, ascending

A

Direct, indirect

39
Q

Which neuron directly stimulates skeletal muscle?

Multiple choice question.

Lower motor neuron

Upper motor neuron

A

Lower motor neuron

40
Q

Crossing over of most fibers of the corticospinal tracts occurs in the Blank______.

Multiple choice question.

lower spinal cord

cerebral peduncles

superior colliculus of midbrain

pyramidal decussation of medulla

A

pyramidal decussation of medulla

41
Q

The direct pathway that terminates in the brainstem is the _________ tract whereas the pathway that terminates in the anterior horn of the spinal cord is the ________.

A
  1. corticobulbar
  2. corticospinal
42
Q

True or false: The basal nuclei can affect muscle activity by stimulating and inhibiting muscles.

True false question.
True
False

A

True

43
Q

The Blank______ modulates cyclical functions, including the sleep-wake cycle.

Multiple choice question.

basal nucleus

limbic system

reticular activating system

endoplasmic reticulum

A

reticular activating system

44
Q

The pyramids of the medulla contain Blank______ motor pathways.

Multiple choice question.

direct

indirect

A

direct

45
Q

The corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts differ in which ways?

Multiple select question.

Their origins

Their terminations

The muscles they control

One controls voluntary movements and the other controls involuntary movements.

A

Their terminations

The muscles they control

46
Q

The connections of the basal nuclei form Blank______ feedback loops.

Multiple choice question.

only inhibitory

both stimulatory and inhibitory

only stimulatory

both stimulatory and positive

A

both stimulatory and inhibitory

47
Q

The major function of the reticular activating system is to maintain Blank______.

Multiple choice question.

satiety

consciousness

hormone levels

sleep

balance

A

consciousness

48
Q

Crossing over of most fibers of the corticospinal tracts occurs in the Blank______.

Multiple choice question.

superior colliculus of midbrain

pyramidal decussation of medulla

lower spinal cord

cerebral peduncles

A

pyramidal decussation of medulla

49
Q

The brainstem is an important site for descending pathways and reflexes such as Blank______.

Multiple select question.

corticobulbar tract

accessory nerve projections

descending reticular fibers

tactile sensory axons from periphery

corticospinal tracts

A

corticobulbar tract

descending reticular fibers

corticospinal tracts

50
Q

The structure that functions as reflex centers for movements in response to visual, auditory, and tactile stimuli is the Blank______ colliculi.

Multiple choice question.

superior

lateral

inferior

A

superior

51
Q

What two main categories of motor output project from the brainstem?

Multiple select question.

Parasympathetic

Somatic

Sympathetic

Sensory

A

Parasympathetic

Somatic

52
Q

The corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts differ in which ways?

Multiple select question.

The muscles they control

Their terminations

Their origins

One controls voluntary movements and the other controls involuntary movements.

A

The muscles they control

Their terminations

53
Q

The superior colliculi initiate eye and head movements in response to which type of stimuli?

Multiple select question.

Olfactory

Visual

Auditory

Gustatory

Tactile

A

Visual

Auditory

Tactile

54
Q

Cardiovascular and respiratory function are regulated by nuclei located in the _______.

A

Brainstem

55
Q

Crossing over of most fibers of the corticospinal tracts occurs in the Blank______.

Multiple choice question.

pyramidal decussation of medulla

lower spinal cord

superior colliculus of midbrain

cerebral peduncles

A

pyramidal decussation of medulla

56
Q

Fibers from the reticular formation descend through the Blank______.

Multiple choice question.

thalamus

cerebellum

spinal nerves

brainstem

A

brainstem

57
Q

What is the function of the Wernicke area?

Multiple choice question.

Recognition of visual stimulus

Articulation of spoken words

Interpretation of written and spoken language

Maintenance of equilibrium

A

Interpretation of written and spoken language

58
Q

Broca’s area (motor speech area) is located in the Blank______ lobe of the cerebrum.

Multiple choice question.

occipital

parietal

temporal

frontal

A

frontal

59
Q

Speech, artistic ability, and emotions are functions of the Blank______.

Multiple choice question.

spinal cord

brain

hypothalamus

heart

A

brain

60
Q

The area responsible for the formation of spoken words is the Blank______.

Multiple choice question.

precentral gyrus

primary visual cortex

Wernicke area

Broca area

A

Broca area

61
Q

Electrical activity in the brain is normally Blank______.

Multiple choice question.

synchronous

not synchronous

A

not synchronous

62
Q

The left and right cerebral hemispheres are connected by a commissural structure called the

A

corpus
callosum

63
Q

An electroencephalogram displays _____ waves.

A

Brain

64
Q

During deep sleep, REM Blank______.

Multiple choice question.

occurs

does not occur

A

does not occur

65
Q

Association of information with a strong emotion Blank______ the consolidation of short-term to long-term memory.

Multiple choice question.

inhibits

has no effect on

increases

decreases

A

increases

66
Q

True or false: Declarative memory and procedural memory are involved in similar information types, but occur in different areas of the brain and use different underlying mechanisms.

True false question.
True
False

A

False

67
Q

What type of memory is more resistant to brain trauma?

Multiple choice question.

Short-term

Long-term

A

Long-term

68
Q

What process involves the gradual formation of strong, new synaptic connections between neurons, contributing to the formation of long-term memory?

Multiple choice question.

Reticular formation

Long-term potentiation

Consolidation

A

Consolidation

69
Q

The type of long-term memory involved in remembering skilled activities, such as playing a musical instrument, is called _______ memory.

A

procedural

70
Q

Memory involving the retention of facts is Blank______ memory whereas memory involving the development of skills is Blank______ memory.

Multiple choice question.

declarative, procedural

procedural, declarative

working, non-working

short-term, long-term

A

declarative, procedural

71
Q

Identify the items that can enhance the consolidation of long-term memory.

Multiple select question.

Association

Repetition

Potentiation

Phosphorylation

A

Association

Repetition

72
Q

What functional changes can occur in the brain in the aging process?

Multiple select question.

Decreased long-term memory

Decreased short-term memory

Hyperactivity of reflexes

Sleeping difficulties

Decreased cognitive abilities

A

Decreased short-term memory

Sleeping difficulties

Decreased cognitive abilities

BIO-168-1903 (11 decks)

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