Olfactory Flashcards by Maiyah Lieferman

What does a G protein activate in the processing of smell?

Multiple choice question.

Cyclic AMP

Adenylate cyclase

Odorant molecules

ATP

Adenylate cyclase

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Most neurons are permanent cells, however Blank______ are neurons that are constantly being replaced.

Multiple choice question.

cones

olfactory neurons

rods

olfactory neurons

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Place the events of the initiation of an action potential in an olfactory neuron in chronological order.

Position 1 of 5 Odorant binds to a specific chemoreceptor. correct toggle button unavailable

Position 2 of 5 Activated G protein activates adenylate cyclase. correct toggle button unavailable

Position 3 of 5 Ion channels open. incorrect toggle button unavailable

Position 4 of 5 Ions enter the olfactory hair causing depolarization. incorrect toggle button unavailable

Position 5 of 5 ATP is converted to cAMP. incorrect toggle button unavailable

Odorant binds to a specific chemoreceptor
Activated G protein activates adenyate cyclase
ATP is converted into cAMP
Ion channels open
Ions enter the olfactory hair causing depolarization

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Identify the cell types of taste buds that are non-sensory cells.

Multiple select question.

Basal cells

Gustatory cells

Supporting cells

Basal cells

Supporting cells

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The taste of salts results when Blank______ diffuses through channels leading to depolarization of the taste cell. Similarly, sour is tasted when Blank______ lead(s) to the depolarization of taste cells.

Multiple choice question.

Na+, amino acids

H+, G protein mechanism

Na+ , H+

umami, H+

Na+ , H+

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From the medulla oblongata, taste fibers extend directly to the Blank______.

Multiple choice question.

insula

parietal lobe

spinal cord

thalamus

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Describe the neuronal pathway of taste sensation beginning with reception of taste stimuli to the cerebral cortex.

Position 1 of 5 Taste buds correct toggle button unavailable

Position 2 of 5 Thalamus incorrect toggle button unavailable

Position 3 of 5 Cranial nerves VII, IX and X incorrect toggle button unavailable

Position 4 of 5 Insula incorrect toggle button unavailable

Position 5 of 5 Medulla oblongata incorrect toggle button unavailable

Taste buds
Cranial nerves VII, IX and X
Medulla oblongata
Thalamus
Insula

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Tears originate in the lacrimal glands. Name the other structures they flow through.

Multiple select question.

Lacrimal canaliculi

Lacrimal papilla

Anterior chamber

Lacrimal sac

Punctum

Lacrimal canaliculi

Lacrimal papilla

Lacrimal sac

Punctum

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Identify those structures that are accessory structures of the eye.

Multiple select question.

Suspensory Ligaments

Eyebrows

Lacrimal apparatus

Conjunctiva

Eyelid

Eyebrows

Lacrimal apparatus

Conjunctiva

Eyelid

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What is conjunctivitis?

Multiple choice question.

An infection of the mucous membranes lining the nasal cavity

The inflammation of the membranous covering of the cochlea

An infection of the fluid found within the posterior chamber of the eye

An inflammation of the thin, transparent mucous membrane covering the anterior surface of the eye

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Lacrimal canaliculi open directly into a Blank______.

Multiple choice question.

lacrimal gland

nasolacrimal duct

lacrimal sac

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The lens is connected to the ciliary processes by the Blank______.

Multiple choice question.

ophthalmic tendons

suspensory ligaments

macula

fovea centralis

suspensory ligaments

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Which structure controls the size of the pupil?

Multiple choice question.

Choroid

Lens

Iris

Cornea

Iris

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Identify the structures that tears flow through, beginning with the structure that produces the tears.

Position 1 of 6 Lacrimal canaliculi incorrect toggle button unavailable

Position 2 of 6 Lacrimal ducts correct toggle button unavailable

Position 3 of 6 Nasal cavity incorrect toggle button unavailable

Position 4 of 6 Nasolacrimal duct incorrect toggle button unavailable

Position 5 of 6 Lacrimal gland incorrect toggle button unavailable

Position 6 of 6 Surface of the eye incorrect toggle button unavailable

Lacrimal gland
Lacrimal ducts
Surface of the eye
Lacrimal canaliculi
Nasolacrimal duct
Nasal cavity

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The white outer layer that protects the internal structures of the eye, maintains the shape of the eye, and provides an attachment point for the extrinsic muscles of the eye is the _______.

Sclera

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What are the suspensory ligaments?

Multiple choice question.

These ligaments form the trochlea around which the superior oblique muscles are found.

These ligaments anchor the tongue to the floor of the oral cavity.

These ligaments adjust the size of the pupil.

These ligaments connect the lens to the ciliary processes and assist in focusing light.

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Where would you find rods and cones?

Multiple choice question.

In the pigmented epithelium of the retina

In the choroid layer of the eye

Between the taste cells of the papillae

In the neural layer of the retina

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Identify the functions of the sclera.

Multiple select question.

Provides a point of attachment for the extrinsic eye muscles

Maintains the shape of the eye

Converts light into action potentials

Protects internal structures

Provides nutrients to the cornea

Provides a point of attachment for the extrinsic eye muscles

Maintains the shape of the eye

Protects internal structures

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What is the fovea centralis?

Multiple choice question.

The apical curl of the cochlea

The portion of the retina with the greatest visual acuity

The opening in the anterior chamber through which the aqueous humor circulates

The area of the retina where the arteries and optic nerve enter the eye

The portion of the retina with the greatest visual acuity

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Identify the muscles of the iris that control the diameter of the pupil.

Multiple select question.

Suspensory ligaments

Dilator pupillae

Ciliary muscles

Sphincter pupillae

Dilator pupillae

Sphincter pupillae

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The optic disc is called the ___________ __________ because it does not contain any photoreceptors and therefore does not respond to light.

blind spot

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The interior eye chamber that is almost completely surrounded by the retina and is filled with vitreous humor is the __________ chamber.

posterior

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The fovea centralis is found in the center of a yellow spot on the retina called the ________ lutea.

macula

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The area of the retina that does not respond to light is the Blank______.

Multiple choice question.

optic disc

sclera

fovea centralis

macula

optic disc

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The chamber of the eye that is between the iris and the lens is the ________ chamber. It is filled with _______ humor.

posterior aqueous

The neural layer of the retina contains photoreceptor cells called _______ and _____.

rods, cones

What would be found in the anterior and posterior chambers? Multiple choice question. Aqueous humor Rods and cones Fovea centralis Vitreous humor

Aqueous humor

What is glaucoma? Multiple choice question. A condition in which proteins in the vitreous humor precipitate A condition in which the shape of the eyeball elongates A condition characterized by an abnormal intraocular pressure A condition in which the eyeball shortens decreasing its focal length

A condition characterized by an abnormal intraocular pressure

The optic disc is Blank______ to the macula lutea. Multiple choice question. lateral medial

medial

The anterior chamber is between the iris and the ________ and is filled with ___________ humor.

Cornea, Aqueous

Name the structure which is suspended between the posterior chamber and the vitreous chamber by suspensory ligaments. Multiple choice question. Lens Cornea Retina Iris

Lens

Where is aqueous humor found? Multiple select question. Posterior chamber Vitreous chamber Anterior chamber

Posterior chamber Anterior chamber

At the focal point, Blank______ forms. Multiple choice question. an image no image

no image

Describe the structure of the lens. Multiple choice question. It is concave on the inner surface and transparent. It is biconvex and opaque. It is transparent and biconcave. It is transparent and biconvex.

It is transparent and biconvex.

A visual image is inverted when it reaches the retina, so it is upside down. However, the Blank______ corrects the visual information. Multiple choice question. brain thalamus spinal cord

brain

The point where light rays cross after passing through a concave lens is referred to as the _______ point.

Focal

In normal near vision light is refracted Blank______ than in distant vision, thus the lens is Blank______. Multiple choice question. less; rounded more; rounded less; flattened more; flattened

more; rounded

The eye's ability to focus an image on the retina so that a clear image is perceived is called visual ______.

Acuity

People who have ______ can see close objects clearly, but distant objects appear blurry.

Myopia

People who have Blank______ can see distant object clearly, but close object appear blurry. Multiple choice question. hyperopia myopia

hyperopia

Differentiate rods and cones. Multiple choice question. Rods function in color vision and visual acuity and cones function in non-color vision. The photoreceptive end of rods is conical and the photoreceptive end of cones is cylindrical. Rods contain the photoreceptive molecule rhodopsin and cones contain the photoreceptive molecule iodopsin. Rods are numerous in the fovea centralis and the cones are not found in the fovea centralis.

Rods contain the photoreceptive molecule rhodopsin and cones contain the photoreceptive molecule iodopsin.

Arrange the areas of the retina according to density of cones starting with the area that has the highest density of cones. Position 1 of 4 Fovea centralis correct toggle button unavailable Position 2 of 4 Macula correct toggle button unavailable Position 3 of 4 Optic disc incorrect toggle button unavailable Position 4 of 4 Periphery of retina incorrect toggle button unavailable

1. Fovea centralis 2. Macula 3. Periphery of retina 4. Optic disc

What is the normal unavoidable degeneration of the accommodation power of eye associated with aging called? Multiple choice question. Hyperopia Presbyopia Myopia

Presbyopia

Identify the structures that are part of the external ear. Multiple select question. Auricle Auditory ossicles External auditory canal Cochlea

Auricle External auditory canal

The photoreceptive molecule of rods is Blank______ and the photoreceptive molecule of cones is Blank______. Multiple choice question. iodopsin, rhodopsin rhodopsin, iodopsin

rhodopsin, iodopsin

The structure that is a thin, semitransparent membrane that separates the external ear from the middle ear is called the _____ membrane.

tympanic

The three auditory ossicles are the malleus, incus, and

stapes

The fovea centralis has Blank______ rods. Multiple choice question. mostly no

Identify the structures that are part of the middle ear. Multiple select question. Tympanic membrane Cochlea External auditory canal Semicircular canals Auditory ossicles

Tympanic membrane Auditory ossicles

Explain the function of the auditory ossicles. Multiple choice question. They transmit vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the oval window. They transmit vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the round window. They transmit vibrations from the oval window to the round window. They produce endolymph which transmits vibration to the inner ear.

They transmit vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the oval window.

Cones are in highest density in the Blank______ and rods are in highest density in the Blank______. Multiple choice question. optic disc, fovea centralis fovea centralis, periphery of retina periphery of retina, fovea centralis fovea centralis, optic disc

fovea centralis, periphery of retina

Identify the structures that are part of the inner ear. Multiple select question. Auditory ossicles Vestibule Tympanic membrane Cochlea Semicircular canals Auricle

Vestibule Cochlea Semicircular canals

The membranous tunnel within the bony labyrinth of the inner ear is the

membranous labyrinth

Which of the following correctly differentiates endolymph and perilymph? Multiple select question. Endolymph has a high concentration of potassium and a low concentration of sodium compared to perilymph. Endolymph is within the membranous labyrinth and perilymph is between the membranous labyrinth and the bony labyrinth. Endolymph is between the membranous labyrinth and the bony labyrinth and perilymph is within the membranous labyrinth. Endolymph has a low concentration of potassium and a high concentration of sodium compared to perilymph.

Endolymph has a high concentration of potassium and a low concentration of sodium compared to perilymph. Endolymph is within the membranous labyrinth and perilymph is between the membranous labyrinth and the bony labyrinth.

The spiral organ is located within the Blank______ of the cochlea. Multiple choice question. cochlear duct scala vestibuli scala tympani

cochlear duct

The structure within the cochlea that contains hair cells that detect sound is called the Blank______. Multiple choice question. spiral organ crista ampullaris scala tympani macula

spiral organ

What is the function of the inner hair cells? Multiple choice question. The inner hair cells protect the external auditory canal. The inner hair cells regulate the tension of the basilar membrane. The inner hair cells detect chemicals in saliva; they are responsible for our ability to taste. The inner hair cells are responsible for hearing.

The inner hair cells are responsible for hearing.

The membranous tunnel within the bony labyrinth of the inner ear is the __________ ____________>

Membranous labyrinth

Select the structures through which sound waves will travel from the outer ear to the inner ear. Multiple select question. Tympanic membrane Spiral organ Stapedius Oval window Auditory tube

Tympanic membrane Spiral organ Oval window

The structure that prevents compression damage to the spiral organ is the Blank______. Multiple choice question. scala vestibuli round window tectorial membrane oval window

round window

The Blank______ labyrinth consists of the semicircular canals. It evaluates movements of the head. Multiple choice question. dynamic static

dynamic

The sensory structure within the vestibule that responds to gravity is the Blank______. Multiple choice question. cochlea macula spiral organ

macula

Select the inner ear structures that are important in the interpretation of sound energy. Multiple select question. Scala vestibuli Basilar membrane Osseous labyrinth Perilymph

Scala vestibuli Basilar membrane Perilymph

The crista ampullaris is the sensory organ within the Blank______. Multiple choice question. semicircular canals saccule utricle cochlea scala tympani

semicircular canals

A decrease in the ability to identify specific odors, a decrease in sense of taste and a loss in flexibility of the lens is associated with Blank______. Multiple choice question. vitamin D deficiency the decrease in hormones in peri-menopausal women the onset of hormone production during puberty aging and the elderly

aging and the elderly

Identify the changes that occur to the special senses because of aging. Multiple select question. The brains ability to interpret taste sensation increases Lens accommodation increases Ability to identify specific odors decreases Decreases sensitivity to gravity

Ability to identify specific odors decreases Decreases sensitivity to gravity