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BIO-168-1903 > Olfactory > Flashcards

Olfactory Flashcards

1
Q

What does a G protein activate in the processing of smell?

Multiple choice question.

Cyclic AMP

Adenylate cyclase

Odorant molecules

ATP

A

Adenylate cyclase

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2
Q

Most neurons are permanent cells, however Blank______ are neurons that are constantly being replaced.

Multiple choice question.

cones

olfactory neurons

rods

A

olfactory neurons

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3
Q

Place the events of the initiation of an action potential in an olfactory neuron in chronological order.

Position 1 of 5 Odorant binds to a specific chemoreceptor. correct toggle button unavailable

Position 2 of 5 Activated G protein activates adenylate cyclase. correct toggle button unavailable

Position 3 of 5 Ion channels open. incorrect toggle button unavailable

Position 4 of 5 Ions enter the olfactory hair causing depolarization. incorrect toggle button unavailable

Position 5 of 5 ATP is converted to cAMP. incorrect toggle button unavailable

A
  1. Odorant binds to a specific chemoreceptor
  2. Activated G protein activates adenyate cyclase
  3. ATP is converted into cAMP
  4. Ion channels open
  5. Ions enter the olfactory hair causing depolarization
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4
Q

Identify the cell types of taste buds that are non-sensory cells.

Multiple select question.

Basal cells

Gustatory cells

Supporting cells

A

Basal cells

Supporting cells

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5
Q

The taste of salts results when Blank______ diffuses through channels leading to depolarization of the taste cell. Similarly, sour is tasted when Blank______ lead(s) to the depolarization of taste cells.

Multiple choice question.

Na+, amino acids

H+, G protein mechanism

Na+ , H+

umami, H+

A

Na+ , H+

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6
Q

From the medulla oblongata, taste fibers extend directly to the Blank______.

Multiple choice question.

insula

parietal lobe

spinal cord

thalamus

A

thalamus

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7
Q

Describe the neuronal pathway of taste sensation beginning with reception of taste stimuli to the cerebral cortex.

Position 1 of 5 Taste buds correct toggle button unavailable

Position 2 of 5 Thalamus incorrect toggle button unavailable

Position 3 of 5 Cranial nerves VII, IX and X incorrect toggle button unavailable

Position 4 of 5 Insula incorrect toggle button unavailable

Position 5 of 5 Medulla oblongata incorrect toggle button unavailable

A
  1. Taste buds
  2. Cranial nerves VII, IX and X
  3. Medulla oblongata
  4. Thalamus
  5. Insula
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8
Q

Tears originate in the lacrimal glands. Name the other structures they flow through.

Multiple select question.

Lacrimal canaliculi

Lacrimal papilla

Anterior chamber

Lacrimal sac

Punctum

A

Lacrimal canaliculi

Lacrimal papilla

Lacrimal sac

Punctum

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9
Q

Identify those structures that are accessory structures of the eye.

Multiple select question.

Suspensory Ligaments

Eyebrows

Lacrimal apparatus

Conjunctiva

Eyelid

A

Eyebrows

Lacrimal apparatus

Conjunctiva

Eyelid

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10
Q

What is conjunctivitis?

Multiple choice question.

An infection of the mucous membranes lining the nasal cavity

The inflammation of the membranous covering of the cochlea

An infection of the fluid found within the posterior chamber of the eye

An inflammation of the thin, transparent mucous membrane covering the anterior surface of the eye

A

An inflammation of the thin, transparent mucous membrane covering the anterior surface of the eye

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11
Q

Lacrimal canaliculi open directly into a Blank______.

Multiple choice question.

lacrimal gland

nasolacrimal duct

lacrimal sac

A

lacrimal sac

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12
Q

The lens is connected to the ciliary processes by the Blank______.

Multiple choice question.

ophthalmic tendons

suspensory ligaments

macula

fovea centralis

A

suspensory ligaments

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13
Q

Which structure controls the size of the pupil?

Multiple choice question.

Choroid

Lens

Iris

Cornea

A

Iris

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14
Q

Identify the structures that tears flow through, beginning with the structure that produces the tears.

Position 1 of 6 Lacrimal canaliculi incorrect toggle button unavailable

Position 2 of 6 Lacrimal ducts correct toggle button unavailable

Position 3 of 6 Nasal cavity incorrect toggle button unavailable

Position 4 of 6 Nasolacrimal duct incorrect toggle button unavailable

Position 5 of 6 Lacrimal gland incorrect toggle button unavailable

Position 6 of 6 Surface of the eye incorrect toggle button unavailable

A
  1. Lacrimal gland
  2. Lacrimal ducts
  3. Surface of the eye
  4. Lacrimal canaliculi
  5. Nasolacrimal duct
  6. Nasal cavity
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15
Q

The white outer layer that protects the internal structures of the eye, maintains the shape of the eye, and provides an attachment point for the extrinsic muscles of the eye is the _______.

A

Sclera

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16
Q

What are the suspensory ligaments?

Multiple choice question.

These ligaments form the trochlea around which the superior oblique muscles are found.

These ligaments anchor the tongue to the floor of the oral cavity.

These ligaments adjust the size of the pupil.

These ligaments connect the lens to the ciliary processes and assist in focusing light.

A

These ligaments connect the lens to the ciliary processes and assist in focusing light.

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17
Q

Where would you find rods and cones?

Multiple choice question.

In the pigmented epithelium of the retina

In the choroid layer of the eye

Between the taste cells of the papillae

In the neural layer of the retina

A

In the neural layer of the retina

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18
Q

Identify the functions of the sclera.

Multiple select question.

Provides a point of attachment for the extrinsic eye muscles

Maintains the shape of the eye

Converts light into action potentials

Protects internal structures

Provides nutrients to the cornea

A

Provides a point of attachment for the extrinsic eye muscles

Maintains the shape of the eye

Protects internal structures

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19
Q

What is the fovea centralis?

Multiple choice question.

The apical curl of the cochlea

The portion of the retina with the greatest visual acuity

The opening in the anterior chamber through which the aqueous humor circulates

The area of the retina where the arteries and optic nerve enter the eye

A

The portion of the retina with the greatest visual acuity

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20
Q

Identify the muscles of the iris that control the diameter of the pupil.

Multiple select question.

Suspensory ligaments

Dilator pupillae

Ciliary muscles

Sphincter pupillae

A

Dilator pupillae

Sphincter pupillae

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21
Q

The optic disc is called the ___________ __________ because it does not contain any photoreceptors and therefore does not respond to light.

A

blind spot

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22
Q

The interior eye chamber that is almost completely surrounded by the retina and is filled with vitreous humor is the __________ chamber.

A

posterior

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23
Q

The fovea centralis is found in the center of a yellow spot on the retina called the ________ lutea.

A

macula

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24
Q

The area of the retina that does not respond to light is the Blank______.

Multiple choice question.

optic disc

sclera

fovea centralis

macula

A

optic disc

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25
Q

The chamber of the eye that is between the iris and the lens is the ________ chamber. It is filled with _______ humor.

A

posterior
aqueous

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26
Q

The neural layer of the retina contains photoreceptor cells called _______ and _____.

A

rods, cones

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27
Q

What would be found in the anterior and posterior chambers?

Multiple choice question.

Aqueous humor

Rods and cones

Fovea centralis

Vitreous humor

A

Aqueous humor

28
Q

What is glaucoma?

Multiple choice question.

A condition in which proteins in the vitreous humor precipitate

A condition in which the shape of the eyeball elongates

A condition characterized by an abnormal intraocular pressure

A condition in which the eyeball shortens decreasing its focal length

A

A condition characterized by an abnormal intraocular pressure

29
Q

The optic disc is Blank______ to the macula lutea.

Multiple choice question.

lateral

medial

A

medial

30
Q

The anterior chamber is between the iris and the ________ and is filled with
___________ humor.

A

Cornea, Aqueous

31
Q

Name the structure which is suspended between the posterior chamber and the vitreous chamber by suspensory ligaments.

Multiple choice question.

Lens

Cornea

Retina

Iris

A

Lens

32
Q

Where is aqueous humor found?

Multiple select question.

Posterior chamber

Vitreous chamber

Anterior chamber

A

Posterior chamber

Anterior chamber

33
Q

At the focal point, Blank______ forms.

Multiple choice question.

an image

no image

A

no image

34
Q

Describe the structure of the lens.

Multiple choice question.

It is concave on the inner surface and transparent.

It is biconvex and opaque.

It is transparent and biconcave.

It is transparent and biconvex.

A

It is transparent and biconvex.

35
Q

A visual image is inverted when it reaches the retina, so it is upside down. However, the Blank______ corrects the visual information.

Multiple choice question.

brain

thalamus

spinal cord

A

brain

36
Q

The point where light rays cross after passing through a concave lens is referred to as the _______ point.

A

Focal

37
Q

In normal near vision light is refracted Blank______ than in distant vision, thus the lens is Blank______.

Multiple choice question.

less; rounded

more; rounded

less; flattened

more; flattened

A

more; rounded

38
Q

The eye’s ability to focus an image on the retina so that a clear image is perceived is called visual ______.

A

Acuity

39
Q

People who have ______ can see close objects clearly, but distant objects appear blurry.

A

Myopia

40
Q

People who have Blank______ can see distant object clearly, but close object appear blurry.

Multiple choice question.

hyperopia

myopia

A

hyperopia

41
Q

Differentiate rods and cones.

Multiple choice question.

Rods function in color vision and visual acuity and cones function in non-color vision.

The photoreceptive end of rods is conical and the photoreceptive end of cones is cylindrical.

Rods contain the photoreceptive molecule rhodopsin and cones contain the photoreceptive molecule iodopsin.

Rods are numerous in the fovea centralis and the cones are not found in the fovea centralis.

A

Rods contain the photoreceptive molecule rhodopsin and cones contain the photoreceptive molecule iodopsin.

42
Q

Arrange the areas of the retina according to density of cones starting with the area that has the highest density of cones.

Position 1 of 4 Fovea centralis correct toggle button unavailable

Position 2 of 4 Macula correct toggle button unavailable

Position 3 of 4 Optic disc incorrect toggle button unavailable

Position 4 of 4 Periphery of retina incorrect toggle button unavailable

A
  1. Fovea centralis
  2. Macula
  3. Periphery of retina
  4. Optic disc
43
Q

What is the normal unavoidable degeneration of the accommodation power of eye associated with aging called?

Multiple choice question.

Hyperopia

Presbyopia

Myopia

A

Presbyopia

44
Q

Identify the structures that are part of the external ear.

Multiple select question.

Auricle

Auditory ossicles

External auditory canal

Cochlea

A

Auricle

External auditory canal

45
Q

The photoreceptive molecule of rods is Blank______ and the photoreceptive molecule of cones is Blank______.

Multiple choice question.

iodopsin, rhodopsin

rhodopsin, iodopsin

A

rhodopsin, iodopsin

46
Q

The structure that is a thin, semitransparent membrane that separates the external ear from the middle ear is called the _____ membrane.

A

tympanic

47
Q

The three auditory ossicles are the malleus, incus, and

A

stapes

48
Q

The fovea centralis has Blank______ rods.

Multiple choice question.

mostly

no

A

no

49
Q

Identify the structures that are part of the middle ear.

Multiple select question.

Tympanic membrane

Cochlea

External auditory canal

Semicircular canals

Auditory ossicles

A

Tympanic membrane

Auditory ossicles

50
Q

Explain the function of the auditory ossicles.

Multiple choice question.

They transmit vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the oval window.

They transmit vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the round window.

They transmit vibrations from the oval window to the round window.

They produce endolymph which transmits vibration to the inner ear.

A

They transmit vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the oval window.

51
Q

Cones are in highest density in the Blank______ and rods are in highest density in the Blank______.

Multiple choice question.

optic disc, fovea centralis

fovea centralis, periphery of retina

periphery of retina, fovea centralis

fovea centralis, optic disc

A

fovea centralis, periphery of retina

52
Q

Identify the structures that are part of the inner ear.

Multiple select question.

Auditory ossicles

Vestibule

Tympanic membrane

Cochlea

Semicircular canals

Auricle

A

Vestibule

Cochlea

Semicircular canals

53
Q

The membranous tunnel within the bony labyrinth of the inner ear is the

A

membranous
labyrinth

54
Q

Which of the following correctly differentiates endolymph and perilymph?

Multiple select question.

Endolymph has a high concentration of potassium and a low concentration of sodium compared to perilymph.

Endolymph is within the membranous labyrinth and perilymph is between the membranous labyrinth and the bony labyrinth.

Endolymph is between the membranous labyrinth and the bony labyrinth and perilymph is within the membranous labyrinth.

Endolymph has a low concentration of potassium and a high concentration of sodium compared to perilymph.

A

Endolymph has a high concentration of potassium and a low concentration of sodium compared to perilymph.

Endolymph is within the membranous labyrinth and perilymph is between the membranous labyrinth and the bony labyrinth.

55
Q

The spiral organ is located within the Blank______ of the cochlea.

Multiple choice question.

cochlear duct

scala vestibuli

scala tympani

A

cochlear duct

56
Q

The structure within the cochlea that contains hair cells that detect sound is called the Blank______.

Multiple choice question.

spiral organ

crista ampullaris

scala tympani

macula

A

spiral organ

57
Q

What is the function of the inner hair cells?

Multiple choice question.

The inner hair cells protect the external auditory canal.

The inner hair cells regulate the tension of the basilar membrane.

The inner hair cells detect chemicals in saliva; they are responsible for our ability to taste.

The inner hair cells are responsible for hearing.

A

The inner hair cells are responsible for hearing.

58
Q

The membranous tunnel within the bony labyrinth of the inner ear is the __________ ____________>

A

Membranous labyrinth

59
Q

Select the structures through which sound waves will travel from the outer ear to the inner ear.

Multiple select question.

Tympanic membrane

Spiral organ

Stapedius

Oval window

Auditory tube

A

Tympanic membrane

Spiral organ

Oval window

60
Q

The structure that prevents compression damage to the spiral organ is the Blank______.

Multiple choice question.

scala vestibuli

round window

tectorial membrane

oval window

A

round window

61
Q

The Blank______ labyrinth consists of the semicircular canals. It evaluates movements of the head.

Multiple choice question.

dynamic

static

A

dynamic

62
Q

The sensory structure within the vestibule that responds to gravity is the Blank______.

Multiple choice question.

cochlea

macula

spiral organ

A

macula

63
Q

Select the inner ear structures that are important in the interpretation of sound energy.

Multiple select question.

Scala vestibuli

Basilar membrane

Osseous labyrinth

Perilymph

A

Scala vestibuli

Basilar membrane

Perilymph

64
Q

The crista ampullaris is the sensory organ within the Blank______.

Multiple choice question.

semicircular canals

saccule

utricle

cochlea

scala tympani

A

semicircular canals

65
Q

A decrease in the ability to identify specific odors, a decrease in sense of taste and a loss in flexibility of the lens is associated with Blank______.

Multiple choice question.

vitamin D deficiency

the decrease in hormones in peri-menopausal women

the onset of hormone production during puberty

aging and the elderly

A

aging and the elderly

66
Q

Identify the changes that occur to the special senses because of aging.

Multiple select question.

The brains ability to interpret taste sensation increases

Lens accommodation increases

Ability to identify specific odors decreases

Decreases sensitivity to gravity

A

Ability to identify specific odors decreases

Decreases sensitivity to gravity

BIO-168-1903 (11 decks)

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