spinal cord, nerves and injuries Flashcards

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1
Q

what does the spinal cord end at?

A

conus medullaris

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2
Q

what anchors spinal cord to coccyx?

A

filum terminale

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3
Q

where does the spinal cord end on the vertebral column?

A

L1 or L2 in adults and L4 in infants

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4
Q

what is the collection of nerve roots at the end of the spinal cord called?

A

cauda equina

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5
Q

what are the three meningeal layers?

A
  • dura mater
  • arachnoid
  • pia
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6
Q

what is the arachnoid mater separated from the dura mater by?

A

subdural space

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7
Q

what is the subarachnoid space filled with?

A

CSF and blood vessels

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8
Q

what does the pia mater contain?

A

rich supply of blood vessels

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9
Q

how many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A

31

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10
Q

what do dorsal roots of the spinal cord contain and relay?

A

cell bodies of sensory neurons within dorsal root ganglion that relay sensory input

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11
Q

what do ventral roots contain and relay?

A

contain axons of motor neurons (somatic) and relay motor commands to effector glands and muscles

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12
Q

what are the two grooves on spinal cord cross-section?

A

ventral and dorsal median fissure

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13
Q

do afferent fibers carry impulses or relay outgoing impulses?

A

incoming

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14
Q

what do the lateral horns contain?

A

consist of cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons

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15
Q

what are the three white columns?

A
  • dorsal
  • lateral
  • ventral
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16
Q

what are the three directions fibres of white columns may run?

A
  • ascending
  • descending
  • transverse
17
Q

what are pathway characteristics of spinal cord?

A
  • decussation
  • relay
  • somatotopy
  • symmetry
18
Q

what do the tracts dorsal column-medial lemniscal, fasciculus cuneatus/gracilis relay?

A
  • fine touch
  • vibration
  • pressure
  • proprioception (conscious)
19
Q

what does the lateral spinothalamic tract relay?

A

pain and temp

20
Q

what do the anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal) spinocerebellar tracts relay?

A

proprioception (unconscious)

21
Q

what does the anterior (ventral) spinothalamic tract relay?

A

crude touch

22
Q

what does the lateral corticospinal tract relay motor commands of?

A

voluntary motor commands that control skeletal muscles of limbs

23
Q

what does the ventral corticospinal tract relay motor commands of?

A

voluntary motor commands that control skeletal muscles of the axial skeleton, pectoral girdle, and pelvic girdle

24
Q

what are the motor commands relayed by the tectospinal tract?

A

turns neck so eyes can focus on moving object

25
Q

what are the motor commands relayed by the vestibulospinal tract?

A

maintains muscle tone and balance

26
Q

what are the motor commands relayed by the rubrospinal tract?

A

possibly influences the tone of distal limb flexor muscles

27
Q

what are the motor commands relayed by the reticulospinal tract?

A

muscle tone and visceral motor functions

28
Q

what is paralysis in spinal cord injuries?

A

loss of motor functions

29
Q

what is paraesthesias?

A

abnormal sensations, sensory loss

30
Q

what leads to flaccid paralysis?

A

damage to lower motor neurons in the ventral horn

31
Q

what is spastic paralysis?

A

damage to PMC or to upper motor neuron tracts