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clinical science > brain > Flashcards

brain Flashcards

1
Q

what are the major divisions of the brain?

A
  • cerebrum
  • thalamus, hypothalamus
  • brainstem
  • cerebellum
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2
Q

what functions do the cerebral hemispheres control?

A
  • motor activities
  • register and interpret sensations
  • intellect, memory and language
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3
Q

what lobes are the hemispheres divided into?

A
  • frontal
  • parietal
  • occipital
  • temporal
  • insula
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4
Q

what does cerebral white matter consist of?

A

bundles of myelinated fibres

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5
Q

what is the corpus callosum?

A

bundle of fibres providing horizontal communication between corresponding areas of two hemispheres

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6
Q

where are lateral ventricles located?

A

cerebral hemispheres

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7
Q

what does the third ventricle receive and pass on?

A

CSF

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8
Q

where is the 4th ventricle located?

A

brainstem

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9
Q

what occurs in the 4th ventricle?

A

passes CSF to subarachnoid space

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10
Q

what are the functions of the cerebral cortex?

A

-site of intellect, memory and language (higher functions)

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11
Q

what do motor areas of the cerebral cortex involve?

A

voluntary movements

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12
Q

what do primary sensory areas of the cerebral cortex involve?

A

register sensations and interpret with sensory association areas

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13
Q

where is the primary motor cortex located?

A

in the pre-central gyrus of each hemisphere in posterior portion of frontal lobe

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14
Q

what is located in the primary motor cortex?

A

cell bodies of upper motor neurons of voluntary motor pathways

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15
Q

what occurs when there is damage to the motor cortex?

A

loss of voluntary movement in contralateral part of body

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16
Q

what lobes do primary sensory areas and sensory associated areas occur in?

A
  • parietal
  • temporal
  • occipital
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17
Q

where is the primary somatosensory area located?

A

in the parietal lobe of each hemisphere

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18
Q

where does the primary somatosensory area receive information from?

A

from skin receptors an proprioceptors in skeletal muscles

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19
Q

where is the somatosensory association area located in relation to the primary somatosensory area?

A

posteriorly

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20
Q

what does the primary somatosensory area do?

A

analyses info by comparing types of info and referring to previous experience

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21
Q

what occurs if the sensory areas of the brain are damaged?

A

person does not lose sense of touch but is no longer able to identify objects by touch alone

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22
Q

where is the primary visual area located?

A

posterior part of occipital lobe

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23
Q

where does the primary visual area receive impulses from?

A

retinas

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24
Q

what occurs when there is damage to the visual cortex?

A

functional blindness

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25
Q

what does the visual association area interpret?

A

visual images

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26
Q

what occurs when there is damage to the visual association area?

A

failure to recognise objects by sight

27
Q

where is the primary auditory area located?

A

temporal lobe

28
Q

where does the primary auditory area receive impulses from?

A

inner ear

29
Q

what does the auditory association area interpret?

A

auditory stimuli

30
Q

what does procedural memories relate to?

A

motor skills that are learnt, allow for automatic responses

31
Q

what does declarative memory formation relate to?

A

life events, influence mental disorders

32
Q

what is the hippocampus involved in?

A

memory storage and formation, cognitive processing

33
Q

what is the amygdala associated with?

A

with forming complex emotional responses, especially involving aggression

34
Q

what is the limbic system the major centre of?

A

emotion formation, learning and memory

35
Q

where is the limbic system located?

A

wraps around brainstem beneath cerebral cortex

36
Q

what does the basal ganglia (nuclei) do?

A

does not initiate movement but once it starts nuclei coordinates unconscious components

37
Q

what does disease of the basal nuclei lead to?

A

poor posture and muscle tone, tremors and slowed movement

38
Q

what ventricle is enclosed in the thalamus?

A

third ventricle

39
Q

what does the thalamus receive?

A

receives majority of sensory impulses on way to sensory areas of cerebral cortex and relays them

40
Q

what are the functions of the hypothalamus?

A
  • overall control of major hormones through pituitary gland

- monitor body temp/blood osmotic pressure

41
Q

what centres does the hypothalamus control in the brainstem and spinal cord?

A
  • blood pressure
  • rate and force of heart contraction
  • respiratory centre
42
Q

what does the brainstem control?

A

activities essential to life

43
Q

what vital reflex centres are apart of the brainstem?

A
  • cardiac centre
  • vasomotor
  • respiratory
  • centres regulating vomiting and swallowing
44
Q

what is the second largest part of the brain?

A

cerebellum

45
Q

where is the cerebellum located?

A

behind brainstem below occipital lobe of cerebrum

46
Q

what does the cerebellum control?

A

subconscious skeletal muscle contractions required for smooth coordinated movement and balance

47
Q

what does damage to the cerebellum result in?

A

uncoordinated movement

48
Q

what are the four protection mechanisms of the brain?

A
  • bone
  • meninges
  • CSF
  • blood-brain barrier
49
Q

what is the functions of CSF?

A
  • cushions brain

- carries nutrients and waste

50
Q

what is CSF derived from?

A

plasma but has little protein and half glucose content

51
Q

what is a seizure?

A

an episode of inappropriate electrical discharge resulting in disordered brain activity

52
Q

what is epilepsy?

A

condition of repetitive but generally unpredictable seizure activity

53
Q

what is an AURA that may precede in epilepsy?

A

set of symptoms such as taste, visual disturbance, sound or a combination

54
Q

what are some different types of seizures?

A
  • myoclonic
  • absence
  • temporal lobe
  • partial
55
Q

what does a myoclonic seizure result in?

A

-muscle spasms

56
Q

what is the tonic phase of a myoclonic seizure?

A

tension of body muscle groups

57
Q

what is the clonic phase of a myoclonic seizure?

A

rhythmic convulsing of muscles

58
Q

what is the post-ictal phase of a myoclonic seizure?

A

often unconscious or semi-conscious

59
Q

what does an absence seizure result in?

A

loss of awareness of surroundings

60
Q

what are some symptoms of absence seizures?

A

-behaviours such as lip smacking or eye rolling

61
Q

what is the duration of absence seizures?

A

short duration so there is no sense of a loss of time

62
Q

what does temporal lobe epilepsy result in?

A

hallucination or altered perceptions/behaviours

63
Q

what is a partial seizure?

A

focal seizures resulting in very specific changes in activity

clinical science (7 decks)

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