brain

Question 1

what are the major divisions of the brain?

Answer 1

• cerebrum
• thalamus, hypothalamus
• brainstem
• cerebellum

Question 2

what functions do the cerebral hemispheres control?

Answer 2

• motor activities
• register and interpret sensations
• intellect, memory and language

Question 3

what lobes are the hemispheres divided into?

Answer 3

• frontal
• parietal
• occipital
• temporal
• insula

Question 4

what does cerebral white matter consist of?

Answer 4

bundles of myelinated fibres

Question 5

what is the corpus callosum?

Answer 5

bundle of fibres providing horizontal communication between corresponding areas of two hemispheres

Question 6

where are lateral ventricles located?

Answer 6

cerebral hemispheres

Question 7

what does the third ventricle receive and pass on?

Answer 7

CSF

Question 8

where is the 4th ventricle located?

Answer 8

brainstem

Question 9

what occurs in the 4th ventricle?

Answer 9

passes CSF to subarachnoid space

Question 10

what are the functions of the cerebral cortex?

Answer 10

-site of intellect, memory and language (higher functions)

Question 11

what do motor areas of the cerebral cortex involve?

Answer 11

voluntary movements

Question 12

what do primary sensory areas of the cerebral cortex involve?

Answer 12

register sensations and interpret with sensory association areas

Question 13

where is the primary motor cortex located?

Answer 13

in the pre-central gyrus of each hemisphere in posterior portion of frontal lobe

Question 14

what is located in the primary motor cortex?

Answer 14

cell bodies of upper motor neurons of voluntary motor pathways

Question 15

what occurs when there is damage to the motor cortex?

Answer 15

loss of voluntary movement in contralateral part of body

Question 16

what lobes do primary sensory areas and sensory associated areas occur in?

Answer 16

• parietal
• temporal
• occipital

Question 17

where is the primary somatosensory area located?

Answer 17

in the parietal lobe of each hemisphere

Question 18

where does the primary somatosensory area receive information from?

Answer 18

from skin receptors an proprioceptors in skeletal muscles

Question 19

where is the somatosensory association area located in relation to the primary somatosensory area?

Answer 19

posteriorly

Question 20

what does the primary somatosensory area do?

Answer 20

analyses info by comparing types of info and referring to previous experience

Question 21

what occurs if the sensory areas of the brain are damaged?

Answer 21

person does not lose sense of touch but is no longer able to identify objects by touch alone

Question 22

where is the primary visual area located?

Answer 22

posterior part of occipital lobe

Question 23

where does the primary visual area receive impulses from?

Answer 23

retinas

Question 24

what occurs when there is damage to the visual cortex?

Answer 24

functional blindness

Question 25

what does the visual association area interpret?

Answer 25

visual images

Question 26

what occurs when there is damage to the visual association area?

Answer 26

failure to recognise objects by sight

Question 27

where is the primary auditory area located?

Answer 27

temporal lobe

Question 28

where does the primary auditory area receive impulses from?

Answer 28

inner ear

Question 29

what does the auditory association area interpret?

Answer 29

auditory stimuli

Question 30

what does procedural memories relate to?

Answer 30

motor skills that are learnt, allow for automatic responses

Question 31

what does declarative memory formation relate to?

Answer 31

life events, influence mental disorders

Question 32

what is the hippocampus involved in?

Answer 32

memory storage and formation, cognitive processing

Question 33

what is the amygdala associated with?

Answer 33

with forming complex emotional responses, especially involving aggression

Question 34

what is the limbic system the major centre of?

Answer 34

emotion formation, learning and memory

Question 35

where is the limbic system located?

Answer 35

wraps around brainstem beneath cerebral cortex

Question 36

what does the basal ganglia (nuclei) do?

Answer 36

does not initiate movement but once it starts nuclei coordinates unconscious components

Question 37

what does disease of the basal nuclei lead to?

Answer 37

poor posture and muscle tone, tremors and slowed movement

Question 38

what ventricle is enclosed in the thalamus?

Answer 38

third ventricle

Question 39

what does the thalamus receive?

Answer 39

receives majority of sensory impulses on way to sensory areas of cerebral cortex and relays them

Question 40

what are the functions of the hypothalamus?

Answer 40

- overall control of major hormones through pituitary gland | - monitor body temp/blood osmotic pressure

Question 41

what centres does the hypothalamus control in the brainstem and spinal cord?

Answer 41

- blood pressure - rate and force of heart contraction - respiratory centre

Question 42

what does the brainstem control?

Answer 42

activities essential to life

Question 43

what vital reflex centres are apart of the brainstem?

Answer 43

- cardiac centre - vasomotor - respiratory - centres regulating vomiting and swallowing

Question 44

what is the second largest part of the brain?

Answer 44

cerebellum

Question 45

where is the cerebellum located?

Answer 45

behind brainstem below occipital lobe of cerebrum

Question 46

what does the cerebellum control?

Answer 46

subconscious skeletal muscle contractions required for smooth coordinated movement and balance

Question 47

what does damage to the cerebellum result in?

Answer 47

uncoordinated movement

Question 48

what are the four protection mechanisms of the brain?

Answer 48

- bone - meninges - CSF - blood-brain barrier

Question 49

what is the functions of CSF?

Answer 49

- cushions brain | - carries nutrients and waste

Question 50

what is CSF derived from?

Answer 50

plasma but has little protein and half glucose content

Question 51

what is a seizure?

Answer 51

an episode of inappropriate electrical discharge resulting in disordered brain activity

Question 52

what is epilepsy?

Answer 52

condition of repetitive but generally unpredictable seizure activity

Question 53

what is an AURA that may precede in epilepsy?

Answer 53

set of symptoms such as taste, visual disturbance, sound or a combination

Question 54

what are some different types of seizures?

Answer 54

- myoclonic - absence - temporal lobe - partial

Question 55

what does a myoclonic seizure result in?

Answer 55

-muscle spasms

Question 56

what is the tonic phase of a myoclonic seizure?

Answer 56

tension of body muscle groups

Question 57

what is the clonic phase of a myoclonic seizure?

Answer 57

rhythmic convulsing of muscles

Question 58

what is the post-ictal phase of a myoclonic seizure?

Answer 58

often unconscious or semi-conscious

Question 59

what does an absence seizure result in?

Answer 59

loss of awareness of surroundings

Question 60

what are some symptoms of absence seizures?

Answer 60

-behaviours such as lip smacking or eye rolling

Question 61

what is the duration of absence seizures?

Answer 61

short duration so there is no sense of a loss of time

Question 62

what does temporal lobe epilepsy result in?

Answer 62

hallucination or altered perceptions/behaviours

Question 63

what is a partial seizure?

Answer 63

focal seizures resulting in very specific changes in activity