Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

clinical science > brain blood supply and CVA > Flashcards

brain blood supply and CVA Flashcards

1
Q

when does a stroke occur?

A

when blood flow to part or whole brain is interrupted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what arteries join to form the arterial circle of Willis?

A

branches of the internal carotid and basilar artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what substances move freely across the blood-brain barrier?

A

blood, gases, water, alcohol, anesthetics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

can amino acids and glucose readily cross the blood-brain barrier?

A

no, require carrier protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is a stroke?

A

a focal neurological impairment of sudden onset and lasting more than 24hrs and of presumed vascular origin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what occurs to the portion of the brain that has died after CVA?

A

undergoes liquefactive necrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what happens due to cerebrovascular accidents?

A

tissue which has died because blood supply has failed and is infarcted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are some risk factors for CVA?

A
  • increasing age
  • smoking
  • heart disease
  • atherosclerosis
  • hypertension
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is an ischaemic stroke caused by?

A

occlusion of blood flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what could an occlusive (ischaemic) stroke be due to?

A
  • thrombosis
  • embolism
  • shock
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is thrombosis?

A

obstruction of a blood vessel by a blood clot forming locally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is thrombosis usually from?

A

usually atherosclerosis with thrombus forming around atherosclerosis plaque

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is thrombosis often associated with?

A

hypertension and diabetes mellitus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is an embolism?

A

obstruction due to blood clot from elsewhere in the body, usually the heart itself

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are the two major zones of injury within the ischaemic area?

A

core ischaemic zone and ischaemic penumbra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what can severe ischemia within the core zone result in?

A

necrosis of neurons and also supporting cellular elements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is penumbra?

A

the rim of mild to moderate ischaemic tissue between tissue that is normally perfused and the area of severe ischemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are the two types of oedema in and around infarcted tissue?

A

cytotoxic and vasogenic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

how long does cytotoxic oedema last?

A

mins to hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

how long does vasogenic oedema last?

A

hours to days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is cytotoxic oedema?

A

swelling of all cellular elements of affected area

22
Q

what is vasogenic oedema?

A

increase in ISF volume due to increased permeability of small vessels

23
Q

when does cerebral oedema peak during stroke?

A

2-5 days after

24
Q

what is the recovery of function after stroke largely due to?

A

resorption of oedema fluid

25
Q

when does herniation occur?

A

occurs when the pressure inside the skull increases and displaces brain tissue

26
Q

why can brain herniation rapidly lead to death?

A

due to compression of blood vessels and of structures such as respiratory centres

27
Q

where may bleeding occur in hemorrhagic stroke?

A

within brain and within surrounding meningeal spaces

28
Q

what are some features that present in hemorrhagic stroke?

A

raised intracranial pressure such as nausea, vomiting, and headache

29
Q

what is intracerebral hemorrhage usually due to?

A
  • hypertensive damage
  • rupture of aneurysm or arteriovenous malformation
  • necrosis due to tumor/infection
  • venous outflow obstruction
30
Q

what deep tissue structures are commonly affected by intracerebral hemorrhage?

A
  • basal ganglia
  • thalamus
  • cerebellum
  • pons and other brainstem sites
31
Q

what does focal mean?

A

related to a specific region

32
Q

what are the key features of an acute stroke?

A

sudden onset and presence of focal neurological symptoms

33
Q

what are some symptoms of an acute stroke?

A
  • altered consciousness
  • headache
  • aphasia
  • facial weakness
  • ataxia
  • visual loss
34
Q

what does aphasia mean?

A

incoherent speech or difficulty understanding speech

35
Q

what does ataxia mean?

A

poor balance, clumsiness or difficulty walking

36
Q

what are some common patterns that occur in the left dominant hemisphere during stroke?

A
  • aphasia
  • right hemiparesis
  • right-sided sensory loss
  • difficulty reading, writing or calculating
37
Q

what are some common patterns that occur in the right hemisphere during stroke?

A
  • neglect of left field
  • extinction of left-sided stimuli
  • left hemiparesis
  • spatial disorientation
38
Q

what are some common patterns that occur in the brainstem, cerebellum, and posterior hemisphere during stroke?

A
  • motor/sensory loss in all limbs
  • crossed signs
  • amnesia
  • bilateral field defects
  • dysconjugate gaze
39
Q

what are some common patterns that occur in the small subcortical hemisphere or brain stem during (pure motor) stroke?

A

weakness of face/limbs on one side of body without abnormalities of higher brain function, motor function or vision

40
Q

what is a closed head injury?

A

skull remains intact

41
Q

what may a closed head injury be due to?

A

damage due to external indirect force (blunt trauma) or internal pathological process

42
Q

what can closed head injuries cause?

A

diffuse axonal injury or focal injury

43
Q

what is an open head injury?

A

the skull is penetrated and the brain is damaged by direct force

44
Q

what is an open head injury generally caused by?

A

penetrating trauma- break in dura mater

45
Q

what may open head injuries cause?

A

focal injury

46
Q

what is the primary cause of head injury?

A

caused by impact and can include acceleration, deceleration, or direct impact/injury

47
Q

what can secondary head injury cause?

A
  • cerebral oedema
  • hematoma
  • infection
  • increased intracranial pressure
48
Q

what can tertiary head injury cause?

A
  • aponea
  • hypotension
  • respiratory and cardiovascular effects of primary/secondary injuries
49
Q

what goes the Glasgow Coma Scale assess?

A

severity score from 3 (worst) to 15 (best)

50
Q

what are some therapy tools for brain damage?

A
  • oxygen (ventilation)
  • steroids
  • diuretics
51
Q

what is post-traumatic amnesia?

A

loss of memory around time of trauma

clinical science (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions