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Neuroscience Exam 1 > Spinal Cord - Lecture 6 > Flashcards

Spinal Cord - Lecture 6 Flashcards

1
Q

how cortex (of brain) develops

A

inside to outside

white matter is interior

dendrites & cell body are toward surface of cell

(opposite in spinal cord)

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2
Q

funiculi

A

functional pathways

lateral corticospinal tract
anterior white commissure
posterolateral tracts

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3
Q

lateral corticospinal tract

A

from cortex to spinal cord

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4
Q

anterior white commissure

A

descending tract
portion of spinal cord where afferents transverse from one side of the cord to the other

2nd motor neurons

(chemical mediators)

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5
Q

posterolateral tract

A

tract of lissauer

information coming in from small less precise unmyelinated afferents

carry crude information about touch, pressure & pain

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6
Q

sulci

A 
posterior median sulcus 
posterior intermediate sulcus 
posterolateral sulcus 
anterolateral sulcus 
anterior median fissure sulcus
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7
Q

posterior median sulcus

A

separates dorsal cord into two halves

contains posterior median septum (pial septum)

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8
Q

posterior intermediate sulcus

A

found in cervical and upper thoracic parts of cord

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9
Q

what separates fasciculus cuneatus and fasciculus gracilis

A

posterior intermediate sulcus

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10
Q

posterolateral sulcus

A

entry point for dorsal roots

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11
Q

anterolateral sulcus

A

exit point for ventral roots

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12
Q

anterior median fissure or sulcus

A

divides the two anterior funiculi and contains sulcal branches of anterior spinal artery

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13
Q

white matter structures

A

anterior white commissure

posterolateral tract

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14
Q

grey matter (in spinal cord)

A

motor neuron and interneuron cell bodies

neuronal dendrites, axon hillock, synaptic endings & glial cells

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15
Q

intermediate gray

A

where dorsal and ventral horns meet

lots of neurons w/ important functions

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16
Q

horns in grey matter

A

dorsal (posterior) horn
ventral (anterior) horn
lateral horn

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17
Q

rexe’ds lamina

A

horns divided into layers (laminae) based on size, shape and distribution of neurons

9 lamina (I-IX) and one area X

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18
Q

which lamina group are motor neurons in?

A

9

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19
Q

where does grey and white matter end?

A

grey and white matter do not extend all the way down

spinal cord ends at L2

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20
Q

cauda/ finalum terminale

A

large bundle of spinal nerves past L2

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21
Q

cervical spine shape

A

large because of the amount of nerves coming from it – a lot of information

round/oval

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22
Q

information that travels through cervical spine comes from

A

sensory from LE & UE

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23
Q

fasciculus cuneatus

A

sensory info from UE to brain stem

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24
Q

fasciculus gracilis

A

sensory info from LE to brain stem

medial

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25
Thoracic spine shape
round / small horns
26
white matter in thoracic spine
decreases upper to lower thoracic
27
fasciculus cuneatus & gracilis in thoracic spine
both appear above T6 but only gracilis below
28
posterior thoracic nucleus
2nd order neurons project to cerebellum
29
In what lamina does the posterior thoracic nucleus lie?
Lamina VII
30
Lateral Horn (intermediolateral cell column)
cell bodies of preganglionic sympathetic neurons
31
Lumbar shape
round cord with large anterior horns
32
lumbar white matter
white matter tracts are smaller than above NO UE Fasciculus Gracilis is present
33
which sulci are present in lumbar spine?
medial and lateral sulcus
34
which sulci is not present in lumbar spine?
posterior intermediate sulcus not present (no dividing line because fasciculus cuneatus does not exist- no UE)
35
Sacral shape
round cord, smaller than above - mainly gray matter
36
why is there more gray matter in sacral spine?
intermediate gray is made up of cell bodies of preganglionic parasympathetic fibers
37
central process of cells go ___ to the spinal cord
INTO SPINAL CORD
38
peripheral process of cell go ____ to the spinal cord
OUT TO THE BODY
39
General Somatic Afferent (GSA)
Exteroceptive | Proprioceptive
40
Exteroceptive Afferent
originate from receptors that are sensitive to mechanical, thermal, or chemical stimuli (touch or vibration)
41
Pathway of exterorectpive afferent
ascend or descend in posterolateral tract before entering dorsal horn to terminate in Lamina I-V
42
Proprioceptive Afferent
originate from receptors that are sensitive to stretch or pressure & vibration from muscles tendons & joints "more classic sensory afferent"
43
General Visceral Afferent (GVA) - Interceptors
originate from receptors that are sensitive to nociceptive stimuli (pain) in viscera
44
pathway of interceptors (GVA)
travel from viscera through splanchnic nerves to sympathetic chain to enter spinal nerve
45
where to GVA synapse?
Laminae I , V-VII
46
Are GVA axons myelinated?
NO - they are unmyelinated and slow conducting
47
Substance P (SP) as a neurotransmitter
signals pain
48
Calcitonin gene-relate peptide (CFRP) as a neurotransmitter
pain
49
Glutamater as a neurotransmitter
touch and proprioception common transmitter - fast also does pain but handles large diameter afferents first
50
small diameter (alpha delta) and nociceptor (C) afferents as a neurotransmitter
all 3 neurotransmitters are lightly myelinated carry crude information
51
large diameter, heavy myelinated GSA (glutamate) as a neurotransmitter
heavy myelinated that carry afferent from muscle spindle
52
deafferentation pain
occurs when pathways, nerves, and sensory roots for pain perception are partially or completely damaged
53
Effects of deafferentation pain on the neuron & AP
when cut, axons will still fire AP from axon and not cell body even though receptor is gone - the neural circuit is still there
54
clinical presentation of deafferentation pain
- resides in lower spinal level and the intensity is not the same - 2nd motor neuron order pains are activated (being in pain when you shouldn't be)
55
deafferentation pain can occur after
amputation peripheral nerve injury lesions of central tracts damage to dorsal roots
56
deafferentation pain feels like
dull aching pain, sharp pain, searing or burning sensations
57
treatment for deafferentation pain
- dorsal root entry zone (DREZ) - placing electrode in this zone and performing radiofrequency legion - stop misfiring or nerves that are poorly organized - destroy the structures and should get rid od pain
58
motor components of spinal nerve
general somatic efferent (GSE) | general visceral efferent (GVE)
59
general somatic efferent (GSE)
innervate skeletal muscle intrafusal - gamma motor neuron extrafusal - alpha motor neuron large diameter / myelinated axons
60
where are cell bodies location in somatic motor neuron (GSE)
anterior horn
61
what do visceral motor neurons (GVE) innervate
smooth muscle, glands, & cardiac muscle
62
where are the cell bodies located in the visceral motor neurons
lateral horn intermediolateral column of gray matter
63
pathway of visceral motor neuron (GVE)
preganglionic neuron --> ganglion --> post gangionic neuron --> target tissue
64
visceromotor
autonomic sympathetic parasympathetic
65
motor neurons that innervate more proximal are ___
medial
66
motor neurons that innervate more distal ___
lateral
67
extensors are more toward ___
exterior
68
flexors are more toward ___
more deep into grey matter
69
anterior horn motor neurons
only direct link from CNS to skeletal muscle lower motor neuron
70
types of anterior horn motor neurons
alpha motor neuron interneuron gamma motor neuron
71
alpha motor neuron
to skeletal muscle - extrafusal
72
interneurons
stay in gray matter of cord
73
gamma motor neurons
intrafusal fibers in muscle spindle
74
type of muscle stretch
simple reciprocal inhibition autogenic
75
type of flexor reflex
flexor withdrawal reflex | ipsilateral response
76
type of crossed extensor reflex
contralateral response for balance purposes
77
muscle stretch reflex pathway
tap on tendon projects from muscle --> through posterior root --> to ventral horn alpha motor neuron --> is excited and projects back to muscle --> muscle contracts
78
which neurotransmitter is released during muscle stretch reflex
excitatory glutamate
79
muscle stretch reflex 1a sensory axon
large and myelinate
80
what muscle is inhibited in reciprocal inhibition reflex?
antagonist
81
reciprocal inhibition reflex 1a sensory axon pathway
projects from muscle --> posterior root --> Ia interneuron to antagonist muscle in intermediate zone the muscle is excited by is inhibited
82
which neurotransmitter is released in reciprocal inhibition reflex?
inhibitory glycine releases from interneuron
83
autogenic inhibition (golgi tendon organ reflex)
tendon receptor responds to high tension
84
autogenic inhibition 1b sensory axon pathway
projects from muscle --> posterior root --> Ib interneuron --> muscle is excited but is inhibited
85
what happens to muscle in autogenic inhibition
muscle stops contracting - prevents damage alpha motor neuron to tendon in tension is inhibited negative feedback
86
what is flexor reflex initiated by?
cutaneous - PAINful input nociceptor fires
87
flexor reflex a-delta or c sensory axon pathway
projects through to spinal cord sends branches through posterolateral tract up/down several segments
88
effects of excitatory and inhibitory interneurons on flexor reflex
-excitatory interneurons synapse on flexor motor neurons --> activates ipsilateral flexor muscle of thigh, leg, and foot = flexor withdrawal inhibitory interneurons synapse on ipsilateral extensory (antagonist) motor neuron --> decreases extensor muscle activity
89
which reflex builds on circuits of flexor reflex?
crossed extensor - it involves muscles of the contralateral body
90
crossed extensor reflex a-delta and c-fibers
excite ipsilateral leg flexor motor neuron & inhibits leg extensor motor neurons (flexors contract & extensors relax) *also excites interneurons projecting to contralateral anterior horn
91
excitation of interneurons projecting to contralateral horn in crossed extensor reflex
excite motor neurons poly-synaptically innervate contralateral extensor inhibiting contralateral flexion
92
myasthenia gravis
abnormal gradual tiring of the muscles for eye movement and chewing ---- suggest fatigue at neuromuscular junction
93
myasthenia gravis syndrom due to
reduction in Ach transmitter loss of transmitter receptors

Neuroscience Exam 1 (7 decks)

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