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Neuroscience Exam 1 > Spinal Cord - Lecture 6 > Flashcards

Spinal Cord - Lecture 6 Flashcards

1
Q

how cortex (of brain) develops

A

inside to outside

white matter is interior

dendrites & cell body are toward surface of cell

(opposite in spinal cord)

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2
Q

funiculi

A

functional pathways

lateral corticospinal tract
anterior white commissure
posterolateral tracts

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3
Q

lateral corticospinal tract

A

from cortex to spinal cord

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4
Q

anterior white commissure

A

descending tract
portion of spinal cord where afferents transverse from one side of the cord to the other

2nd motor neurons

(chemical mediators)

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5
Q

posterolateral tract

A

tract of lissauer

information coming in from small less precise unmyelinated afferents

carry crude information about touch, pressure & pain

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6
Q

sulci

A 
posterior median sulcus 
posterior intermediate sulcus 
posterolateral sulcus 
anterolateral sulcus 
anterior median fissure sulcus
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7
Q

posterior median sulcus

A

separates dorsal cord into two halves

contains posterior median septum (pial septum)

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8
Q

posterior intermediate sulcus

A

found in cervical and upper thoracic parts of cord

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9
Q

what separates fasciculus cuneatus and fasciculus gracilis

A

posterior intermediate sulcus

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10
Q

posterolateral sulcus

A

entry point for dorsal roots

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11
Q

anterolateral sulcus

A

exit point for ventral roots

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12
Q

anterior median fissure or sulcus

A

divides the two anterior funiculi and contains sulcal branches of anterior spinal artery

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13
Q

white matter structures

A

anterior white commissure

posterolateral tract

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14
Q

grey matter (in spinal cord)

A

motor neuron and interneuron cell bodies

neuronal dendrites, axon hillock, synaptic endings & glial cells

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15
Q

intermediate gray

A

where dorsal and ventral horns meet

lots of neurons w/ important functions

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16
Q

horns in grey matter

A

dorsal (posterior) horn
ventral (anterior) horn
lateral horn

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17
Q

rexe’ds lamina

A

horns divided into layers (laminae) based on size, shape and distribution of neurons

9 lamina (I-IX) and one area X

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18
Q

which lamina group are motor neurons in?

A

9

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19
Q

where does grey and white matter end?

A

grey and white matter do not extend all the way down

spinal cord ends at L2

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20
Q

cauda/ finalum terminale

A

large bundle of spinal nerves past L2

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21
Q

cervical spine shape

A

large because of the amount of nerves coming from it – a lot of information

round/oval

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22
Q

information that travels through cervical spine comes from

A

sensory from LE & UE

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23
Q

fasciculus cuneatus

A

sensory info from UE to brain stem

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24
Q

fasciculus gracilis

A

sensory info from LE to brain stem

medial

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25
Q

Thoracic spine shape

A

round / small horns

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26
Q

white matter in thoracic spine

A

decreases upper to lower thoracic

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27
Q

fasciculus cuneatus & gracilis in thoracic spine

A

both appear above T6 but only gracilis below

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28
Q

posterior thoracic nucleus

A

2nd order neurons project to cerebellum

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29
Q

In what lamina does the posterior thoracic nucleus lie?

A

Lamina VII

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30
Q

Lateral Horn (intermediolateral cell column)

A

cell bodies of preganglionic sympathetic neurons

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31
Q

Lumbar shape

A

round cord with large anterior horns

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32
Q

lumbar white matter

A

white matter tracts are smaller than above

NO UE

Fasciculus Gracilis is present

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33
Q

which sulci are present in lumbar spine?

A

medial and lateral sulcus

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34
Q

which sulci is not present in lumbar spine?

A

posterior intermediate sulcus not present (no dividing line because fasciculus cuneatus does not exist- no UE)

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35
Q

Sacral shape

A

round cord, smaller than above - mainly gray matter

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36
Q

why is there more gray matter in sacral spine?

A

intermediate gray is made up of cell bodies of preganglionic parasympathetic fibers

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37
Q

central process of cells go ___ to the spinal cord

A

INTO SPINAL CORD

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38
Q

peripheral process of cell go ____ to the spinal cord

A

OUT TO THE BODY

39
Q

General Somatic Afferent (GSA)

A

Exteroceptive

Proprioceptive

40
Q

Exteroceptive Afferent

A

originate from receptors that are sensitive to mechanical, thermal, or chemical stimuli

(touch or vibration)

41
Q

Pathway of exterorectpive afferent

A

ascend or descend in posterolateral tract before entering dorsal horn to terminate in Lamina I-V

42
Q

Proprioceptive Afferent

A

originate from receptors that are sensitive to stretch or pressure & vibration from muscles tendons & joints

“more classic sensory afferent”

43
Q

General Visceral Afferent (GVA) - Interceptors

A

originate from receptors that are sensitive to nociceptive stimuli (pain) in viscera

44
Q

pathway of interceptors (GVA)

A

travel from viscera through splanchnic nerves to sympathetic chain to enter spinal nerve

45
Q

where to GVA synapse?

A

Laminae I , V-VII

46
Q

Are GVA axons myelinated?

A

NO - they are unmyelinated and slow conducting

47
Q

Substance P (SP) as a neurotransmitter

A

signals pain

48
Q

Calcitonin gene-relate peptide (CFRP) as a neurotransmitter

A

pain

49
Q

Glutamater as a neurotransmitter

A

touch and proprioception

common transmitter - fast

also does pain but handles large diameter afferents first

50
Q

small diameter (alpha delta) and nociceptor (C) afferents as a neurotransmitter

A

all 3 neurotransmitters are lightly myelinated

carry crude information

51
Q

large diameter, heavy myelinated GSA (glutamate) as a neurotransmitter

A

heavy myelinated that carry afferent from muscle spindle

52
Q

deafferentation pain

A

occurs when pathways, nerves, and sensory roots for pain perception are partially or completely damaged

53
Q

Effects of deafferentation pain on the neuron & AP

A

when cut, axons will still fire AP from axon and not cell body

even though receptor is gone - the neural circuit is still there

54
Q

clinical presentation of deafferentation pain

A
  • resides in lower spinal level and the intensity is not the same
  • 2nd motor neuron order pains are activated (being in pain when you shouldn’t be)
55
Q

deafferentation pain can occur after

A

amputation
peripheral nerve injury
lesions of central tracts
damage to dorsal roots

56
Q

deafferentation pain feels like

A

dull aching pain, sharp pain, searing or burning sensations

57
Q

treatment for deafferentation pain

A
  • dorsal root entry zone (DREZ)
  • placing electrode in this zone and performing radiofrequency legion
  • stop misfiring or nerves that are poorly organized - destroy the structures and should get rid od pain
58
Q

motor components of spinal nerve

A

general somatic efferent (GSE)

general visceral efferent (GVE)

59
Q

general somatic efferent (GSE)

A

innervate skeletal muscle

intrafusal - gamma motor neuron
extrafusal - alpha motor neuron

large diameter / myelinated axons

60
Q

where are cell bodies location in somatic motor neuron (GSE)

A

anterior horn

61
Q

what do visceral motor neurons (GVE) innervate

A

smooth muscle, glands, & cardiac muscle

62
Q

where are the cell bodies located in the visceral motor neurons

A

lateral horn

intermediolateral column of gray matter

63
Q

pathway of visceral motor neuron (GVE)

A

preganglionic neuron –> ganglion –> post gangionic neuron –> target tissue

64
Q

visceromotor

A

autonomic
sympathetic
parasympathetic

65
Q

motor neurons that innervate more proximal are ___

A

medial

66
Q

motor neurons that innervate more distal ___

A

lateral

67
Q

extensors are more toward ___

A

exterior

68
Q

flexors are more toward ___

A

more deep into grey matter

69
Q

anterior horn motor neurons

A

only direct link from CNS to skeletal muscle

lower motor neuron

70
Q

types of anterior horn motor neurons

A

alpha motor neuron
interneuron
gamma motor neuron

71
Q

alpha motor neuron

A

to skeletal muscle - extrafusal

72
Q

interneurons

A

stay in gray matter of cord

73
Q

gamma motor neurons

A

intrafusal fibers in muscle spindle

74
Q

type of muscle stretch

A

simple
reciprocal inhibition
autogenic

75
Q

type of flexor reflex

A

flexor withdrawal reflex

ipsilateral response

76
Q

type of crossed extensor reflex

A

contralateral response for balance purposes

77
Q

muscle stretch reflex pathway

A

tap on tendon projects from muscle –> through posterior root –> to ventral horn alpha motor neuron –> is excited and projects back to muscle –> muscle contracts

78
Q

which neurotransmitter is released during muscle stretch reflex

A

excitatory glutamate

79
Q

muscle stretch reflex 1a sensory axon

A

large and myelinate

80
Q

what muscle is inhibited in reciprocal inhibition reflex?

A

antagonist

81
Q

reciprocal inhibition reflex 1a sensory axon pathway

A

projects from muscle –> posterior root –> Ia interneuron to antagonist muscle in intermediate zone

the muscle is excited by is inhibited

82
Q

which neurotransmitter is released in reciprocal inhibition reflex?

A

inhibitory glycine releases from interneuron

83
Q

autogenic inhibition (golgi tendon organ reflex)

A

tendon receptor responds to high tension

84
Q

autogenic inhibition 1b sensory axon pathway

A

projects from muscle –> posterior root –> Ib interneuron –> muscle is excited but is inhibited

85
Q

what happens to muscle in autogenic inhibition

A

muscle stops contracting - prevents damage

alpha motor neuron to tendon in tension is inhibited

negative feedback

86
Q

what is flexor reflex initiated by?

A

cutaneous - PAINful input

nociceptor fires

87
Q

flexor reflex a-delta or c sensory axon pathway

A

projects through to spinal cord

sends branches through posterolateral tract up/down several segments

88
Q

effects of excitatory and inhibitory interneurons on flexor reflex

A

-excitatory interneurons synapse on flexor motor neurons –> activates ipsilateral flexor muscle of thigh, leg, and foot = flexor withdrawal

inhibitory interneurons synapse on ipsilateral extensory (antagonist) motor neuron –> decreases extensor muscle activity

89
Q

which reflex builds on circuits of flexor reflex?

A

crossed extensor - it involves muscles of the contralateral body

90
Q

crossed extensor reflex a-delta and c-fibers

A

excite ipsilateral leg flexor motor neuron & inhibits leg extensor motor neurons

(flexors contract & extensors relax)

*also excites interneurons projecting to contralateral anterior horn

91
Q

excitation of interneurons projecting to contralateral horn in crossed extensor reflex

A

excite motor neurons poly-synaptically
innervate contralateral extensor
inhibiting contralateral flexion

92
Q

myasthenia gravis

A

abnormal gradual tiring of the muscles for eye movement and chewing —- suggest fatigue at neuromuscular junction

93
Q

myasthenia gravis syndrom due to

A

reduction in Ach transmitter

loss of transmitter receptors

Neuroscience Exam 1 (7 decks)

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