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Neuroscience Exam 1 > Neuroembryology - Lecture 5 > Flashcards

Neuroembryology - Lecture 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Key Steps of Prenatal Development

A
  1. neurulation
  2. Neurogenesis, migration, & differentiation
  3. Growth of brain and spinal cord
  4. Myelination of axons
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2
Q

Neurulation

A

neural tube formation

anterior and posterior neuropore close weeks
2.5 - 4

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3
Q

what leads to formation of 5 brain vesicles

A

neurogenesis, migration, and differentiation

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4
Q

neurogenesis, migration, and differentiation occurs during what period

A

embryonic

weeks 4-8

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5
Q

timeframe of myelination of axons

A

begins in 5-6th month

ends 4th-5th decade of life

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6
Q

neurulation

A

neural tube formation

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7
Q

neurulation steps

A

neural plate –> neural tube –> neural crest

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8
Q

neural tube derives from

A

CNS

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9
Q

neural crest derived from

A

PNS

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10
Q

spina bifida

A

posterior neuropore in fails to close during embryonic period

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11
Q

three primary brain vesicles and flexures

A
  • prosencephalon (forebrain)
  • mesencephalon (midbrain)
  • rhombencephalon(hindbrain)
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12
Q

at the 6th week of neural tube development what is present?

A

five secondary vesicles and two curvatures

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13
Q

telencephalon lateral out-pocketing comes during neural tube formation (6th week) comes from

A

cerebral hemispheres

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14
Q

telencephalon ventral out-pocketing during neural tube formation (6th week) comes from

A

olfactory bulbs

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15
Q

what is visible during 6th week of diencephalon

A

3rd ventricle, optic vesicles, optic chiasm, optic nerve and mammillary bodies

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16
Q

alar plate

A

posterior/dorsal

afferent (sensory)

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17
Q

basal plate

A

anterior/ventral

efferent(motor) structures

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18
Q

what side of the body is sensory information on

A

lateral

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19
Q

what side of the body is motor information on

A

medial

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20
Q

what chemical messengers are found in the basal plate

A

sonic hedgehog

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21
Q

neuroblasts

A

forms neurons found in CNS

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22
Q

gliobasts

A

forms supporting cells in CNS

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23
Q

embryonic period: week 4-8

A

neurogenesis & migration of neuroblasts in spinal cord and brain

24
Q

migration of neuroblasts

A

migrate from ependyma out into spinal cord or cortex

25
Q

what are the cells of the neural tube wall considered

A

neuroepithelial cells

ependymal cells

26
Q

radial glial cells used as scaffolds

A

attach interior to exterior

*neurons will ride glial cells until they get placed (inside–>out)

27
Q

Week 9-40 (fetal period)

A

growth of brain and cord

synapse begin

cell bodies are placed - axons need to travel long distance

28
Q

during the fetal period neurons become ___

A

motor neurons

either sensory or motor

29
Q

growth cones

A

lamellipodia & fliopodia

30
Q

lamellipodia

A

send sharp projections called filopodia

31
Q

fasciculation

A

axons bind together and grow in unison

get ride from extracellular matrix or axon

32
Q

does the ventral side of the spinal cord have attractants or repellants?

A

both

33
Q

chemoattractant = red

A

lamellipodia have receptor for attractant

netrin moves toward high concentration & expresses ROBO

34
Q

chemorepellent = blue

A

robo - receptor for slit and slit is repellant

this makes sure axon does not cross back and continues on this side

35
Q

synaptic formation

A

growing nerve secretes protein that triggers post synaptic changes

36
Q

post synaptic changes during synaptic formation

A

neurotransmitter receptors congregate

surface configuration

37
Q

neurotransmitter receptor congregate effects

A

pre-synpaitc moves toward end plate and gets fixed in

receptors on post-synaptic membrane group together

forms stable synapse

38
Q

3rd month: 9th - 12 week (fetal period)

A

fetus doubles its length

brain grows until nearly complete (neurogenesis and axon regrowth)

39
Q

4 month: 9-40 weeks (fetal period)

A

spinal motor neurons grow into periphery and begin to innervate muscles = onset of motor activity

formation of reflex circuits in spinal cord

40
Q

5th month : 17-20 weeks (fetal period)

A

myelination of spinal cord (gliogenesis)

41
Q

6th month: 21-24 (fetal period)

A

cerebral cortex layers form

maturation of neurons brain & spinal cord

42
Q

8 month: week 29-32

A

pupillary light reflex

taste sense operative

43
Q

9th month: week 33-38

A

fetus has firm hand grip and orients to light

full skin sensitivity

44
Q

week 40

A

myelination of brain begins (gliogeneiss) –> continues into 5th decade

45
Q

post natal brain growth is due to:

A
  • increase in size of neurons
  • increase in number of supporting cells (glia)
  • development of neural processes and synapses
  • laying down insulation of nerve processes
46
Q

rate of synapse formation with age

A

synapses are formed very rapidly at early months of life achieving maximum density b/w 6-12 months after birth

decrease after that due to disuse of natural attrition

this is why it is vital to learn at early age

47
Q

consolidation

A

programmed cell death to eliminate extra neurons

48
Q

pruning

A
  • eliminate improperly connected neurons and axons
  • eliminate neurons and axons that are phylogenetically no longer needed
  • to eliminate over produced neurons or axons
49
Q

apoptosis

A

cell death is genetically programed

reflects competition for trophic factors

50
Q

trophic factors

A

life sustaining substance

neurotrophies

51
Q

neurotrophies

A

nerve growth factor

save neurons by switching off genetic programing

52
Q

peripheral nervous system derived from 3 sources

A
  • neural crest cells
  • neural tube
  • mesoderm
53
Q

neural crest cells

A

peripheral ganglia, schawnn cells, and afferent nerve fibers

54
Q

neural tube

A

preganglionic autonomic fibers, & all fibers that innervate skeletal muscle

55
Q

mesoderm

A

dura mater and connective tissue coverings of the peripheral nerve fibers (endoneurium, perineurium, and epineurium)

Neuroscience Exam 1 (7 decks)

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