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Neuroscience Exam 1 > Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Flashcards

1
Q

neural cell function

A

receive input
process information
send information to other cells

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2
Q

glial cells function

A

support neural cells during development and supporting neural cell maintain healthy environment

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3
Q

how do glial cells support neural cells

A
  • shuttle nutrients from blood to neurons
  • remove waste
  • maintain electrochemical surrounding
  • communicate with other glia and neurons
  • structural support and guidance
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4
Q

cell body

A

metabolic center of neuron

-cell maintenance
-protein synthesis
-

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5
Q

what is the soma the site of?

A

electrical integration for monopolar neurons

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6
Q

dendrites

A

bring electrical impulses TO the cell body

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7
Q

why do dendrites have spines

A
  • increase surface area

- influence electrical propagation

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8
Q

what is spine length of dendrites dependent on

A
  • decrease in plastic change

- dependent on calcium

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9
Q

plastic change

A

increase and decrease of dendritic spines in CNS on a reasonable time scale

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10
Q

dendrite & calcium

A

low calcium - decrease spine length

high calcium - increase spine length

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11
Q

microtubules

A

provide highway for transport in addition to the rigid structure

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12
Q

axon

A

transmit electrical impulse AWAY from cell body to synapse with other neurons, muscles, and glands

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13
Q

axonal cytoplasm contains a large number of …

A

microtubules & neurofilaments = cytoskeleton = for shape

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14
Q

terminal arbor

A

branches of axon that project on multiple targets

form synapse with other neurons

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15
Q

where do axon terminate

A

terminal boutons

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16
Q

synapse

A

site of contact with other neurons

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17
Q

axoaxonic

A

axon on axon

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18
Q

axodendritic

A

axon on dendrite

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19
Q

axosomatic

A

axon on cell body

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20
Q

presynaptic membrane

A

active zone with concentration of presynaptic vesicles that contain neurotransmitter

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21
Q

postsynaptic membrane

A

an effector

either neuron, muscle, or gland

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22
Q

receptor sites

A

for the neurotransmitters – on post synpatic membrane

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23
Q

Anterograde Transport

A

from soma to synapse

the way action potentials are generated

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24
Q

fast transport (antegrade)

A

via kinesin

ATPase motor - moves proteins and mitochondria

400 mm/day

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25
slow transport (antegrade)
moving structural components to the terminal | 1mm/day
26
Retrograde transport
from terminal ending to soma
27
fast transport (retrograde)
via dynein along microtubule carries growth factor back to the cell body -allows recycling of synapse material
28
retrograde transport carries what pathogens
rabies herpes tetanus toxin
29
classification of neurons
``` shape group function axon type neurotransmitter specificity ```
30
shape
multipolar pseudounipolar bipolar
31
multipolar
many process dendrite branching 99% of all neurons single axon
32
Pseudounipolar
1 process - mostly seen in spinal cord - round body with a stalk with 2 processes extending
33
2 extensions of pseudounipolar
distal end - has receptor central end - projects into spinal cord or brain
34
bipolar
2 processes | round or oval cell body with a single process at each end
35
special senses of bipolar shape
vision and olfaction found in retina
36
group of neuronal cell body
nucleus or ganglion
37
cell bodies in a layer
lamina, layer, striatum
38
cell bodies in column
visual system / sensory cortex
39
groups of tracts
funiculus , peduncle
40
group of axons in periphery
nerves, rami, roots
41
afferent
sensory/ dorsal
42
efferent
motor/ventral
43
projection
long axons to a distant target
44
TDI projection deficits
large projections from cortex to spinal cord | effects motor function
45
CPI
normal projections distorted influences motor output
46
local/ interneuron
dendrites and axons limited to vicinity of the cell body
47
unmyelinated axon
axon covered by thin layer of glial surrounded by schwann or oligodendrocyte as slow as 1m/sec
48
myelinated axon
glial wraps around many times to protect and electrically insulate fibers increases speed propagation up to 150 m/sec
49
Schwann cells are located in
PNS
50
oligodendrocytes are located in
CNS
51
saltatory conduction
if axon is myelinated, electrical impulses skip from node to node of ranvier
52
Types of Glial
astrocyte oligodendrocyte microglia
53
astrocytes
in grey and white matter | abundant & versatile cells
54
astrocytes support neurons by
anchor neurons to their nutrient supply (arteries) anchor axons to one another (structural support)
55
end-feet process of astrocytes
provide another layer of protection to blood vessels and pia mater prevent molecules from traveling
56
astrocytes control chemical environment by
cleaning up leaked K+ ions and recapturing/recycling released neurotransmitter
57
astrocytes have important roles in
blood brain barrier by end feet reactive against infection form scar tissue
58
astrocyte during development
- guide migration of neuroblasts | - secrete growth factor for function
59
in disease state astrocytes secrete _
cytokines and immune mediators | interlukin and prostaglandin
60
oligodendrocyte
- grey and white matter - myelinated large diameter neurons in CNS -form myelin that binds with white matter
61
in grey matter oligodendrocyte surround ___
neural cell bodies but do not form myelin
62
microglia function
immune system type cells within CNS branches touch nearby neurons & monitor their health
63
if there is cell death or injury, the microglia will ____
migrate to dead cells & phagocytose clean up debris
64
microglial release which inflammatory mediators
cytokines and prostaglandins
65
After stroke or trauma, microglia will release
glutamate & free radicals | cause neural toxic effect & has a role in information transfer
66
satellite cells
surround cell bodies in sensory & autonomic ganglia
67
where does neurogenesis in the CNS occur
olfactory epithelium & hippocampus
68
impediments of axon regrowth during neurogenesis
- astrocytes proliferate and migrate to the site and fill in the space with scarring - astrocytes do not secrete sufficient growth factors to support full regrowth - myelin from oligodendrocytes secrete substance that inhibits growth (myelin inhibitory protein)
69
example of oligodendrocytes in disease
multiple sclerosis
70
multiple sclerosis
myelin sheath is interrupted and damaged due to a dysfunctional autoimmune disease interruption in neural transmission
71
what cells do multiple sclerosis effect
glial cells no conduction of neurons
72
Neuropraxia
myelin damage | least severe
73
Axonotmesis
myelin damage & axon severance
74
Neurotmesis
myelin severance axon severance (most severe)
75
In a crush injury or severance, the separate ends seal themselves off and then swell. why?
kinesin comes down to synapse --> critical to restoration of function
76
PNS degeneration steps
1. axon & myelin sheath distal to injury begin to disintegrate b/c they are not receiving nutrition 2. macrophages come & with the help of Schwann cells - phagocytize the debri
77
timeframe of Wallerian Degeneration in PNS & CNS
PNS - 1 week | CNS - 1 year
78
Schwann cells role in PNS regeneration
1. release NCF & IGF (growth factors 2. Express CAM (cell surface adhesion molecules) that encourage axonal growth 3. Form regeneration tubes to guide regeneration sprouts (soma increases protein synthesis)
79
chromatolysis in PNS Regeneration
1. neuron nucleus migrates toward periphery | 2. cell body swells in anticipation of synthesis of proteins to support regeneration of axon
80
Successful Axonal Regeneration is dependent on
the longer the distance of regrowth --> less success degree of disruption of sheaths (regenerate at 1.5 mm/day)

Neuroscience Exam 1 (7 decks)

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