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Neuroscience Exam 1 > Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Flashcards

1
Q

neural cell function

A

receive input
process information
send information to other cells

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2
Q

glial cells function

A

support neural cells during development and supporting neural cell maintain healthy environment

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3
Q

how do glial cells support neural cells

A
  • shuttle nutrients from blood to neurons
  • remove waste
  • maintain electrochemical surrounding
  • communicate with other glia and neurons
  • structural support and guidance
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4
Q

cell body

A

metabolic center of neuron

-cell maintenance
-protein synthesis
-

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5
Q

what is the soma the site of?

A

electrical integration for monopolar neurons

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6
Q

dendrites

A

bring electrical impulses TO the cell body

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7
Q

why do dendrites have spines

A
  • increase surface area

- influence electrical propagation

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8
Q

what is spine length of dendrites dependent on

A
  • decrease in plastic change

- dependent on calcium

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9
Q

plastic change

A

increase and decrease of dendritic spines in CNS on a reasonable time scale

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10
Q

dendrite & calcium

A

low calcium - decrease spine length

high calcium - increase spine length

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11
Q

microtubules

A

provide highway for transport in addition to the rigid structure

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12
Q

axon

A

transmit electrical impulse AWAY from cell body to synapse with other neurons, muscles, and glands

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13
Q

axonal cytoplasm contains a large number of …

A

microtubules & neurofilaments = cytoskeleton = for shape

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14
Q

terminal arbor

A

branches of axon that project on multiple targets

form synapse with other neurons

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15
Q

where do axon terminate

A

terminal boutons

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16
Q

synapse

A

site of contact with other neurons

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17
Q

axoaxonic

A

axon on axon

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18
Q

axodendritic

A

axon on dendrite

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19
Q

axosomatic

A

axon on cell body

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20
Q

presynaptic membrane

A

active zone with concentration of presynaptic vesicles that contain neurotransmitter

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21
Q

postsynaptic membrane

A

an effector

either neuron, muscle, or gland

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22
Q

receptor sites

A

for the neurotransmitters – on post synpatic membrane

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23
Q

Anterograde Transport

A

from soma to synapse

the way action potentials are generated

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24
Q

fast transport (antegrade)

A

via kinesin

ATPase motor - moves proteins and mitochondria

400 mm/day

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25
Q

slow transport (antegrade)

A

moving structural components to the terminal

1mm/day

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26
Q

Retrograde transport

A

from terminal ending to soma

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27
Q

fast transport (retrograde)

A

via dynein along microtubule

carries growth factor back to the cell body

-allows recycling of synapse material

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28
Q

retrograde transport carries what pathogens

A

rabies
herpes
tetanus toxin

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29
Q

classification of neurons

A 
shape 
group 
function 
axon type 
neurotransmitter specificity
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30
Q

shape

A

multipolar
pseudounipolar
bipolar

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31
Q

multipolar

A

many process
dendrite branching
99% of all neurons
single axon

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32
Q

Pseudounipolar

A

1 process

  • mostly seen in spinal cord
  • round body with a stalk with 2 processes extending
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33
Q

2 extensions of pseudounipolar

A

distal end - has receptor

central end - projects into spinal cord or brain

34
Q

bipolar

A

2 processes

round or oval cell body with a single process at each end

35
Q

special senses of bipolar shape

A

vision and olfaction

found in retina

36
Q

group of neuronal cell body

A

nucleus or ganglion

37
Q

cell bodies in a layer

A

lamina, layer, striatum

38
Q

cell bodies in column

A

visual system / sensory cortex

39
Q

groups of tracts

A

funiculus , peduncle

40
Q

group of axons in periphery

A

nerves, rami, roots

41
Q

afferent

A

sensory/ dorsal

42
Q

efferent

A

motor/ventral

43
Q

projection

A

long axons to a distant target

44
Q

TDI projection deficits

A

large projections from cortex to spinal cord

effects motor function

45
Q

CPI

A

normal projections distorted

influences motor output

46
Q

local/ interneuron

A

dendrites and axons limited to vicinity of the cell body

47
Q

unmyelinated axon

A

axon covered by thin layer of glial

surrounded by schwann or oligodendrocyte

as slow as 1m/sec

48
Q

myelinated axon

A

glial wraps around many times to protect and electrically insulate fibers

increases speed
propagation

up to 150 m/sec

49
Q

Schwann cells are located in

A

PNS

50
Q

oligodendrocytes are located in

A

CNS

51
Q

saltatory conduction

A

if axon is myelinated, electrical impulses skip from node to node of ranvier

52
Q

Types of Glial

A

astrocyte
oligodendrocyte
microglia

53
Q

astrocytes

A

in grey and white matter

abundant & versatile cells

54
Q

astrocytes support neurons by

A

anchor neurons to their nutrient supply (arteries)

anchor axons to one another (structural support)

55
Q

end-feet process of astrocytes

A

provide another layer of protection to blood vessels and pia mater

prevent molecules from traveling

56
Q

astrocytes control chemical environment by

A

cleaning up leaked K+ ions and recapturing/recycling released neurotransmitter

57
Q

astrocytes have important roles in

A

blood brain barrier by end feet

reactive against infection

form scar tissue

58
Q

astrocyte during development

A
  • guide migration of neuroblasts

- secrete growth factor for function

59
Q

in disease state astrocytes secrete _

A

cytokines and immune mediators

interlukin and prostaglandin

60
Q

oligodendrocyte

A
  • grey and white matter
  • myelinated large diameter neurons in CNS

-form myelin that binds with white matter

61
Q

in grey matter oligodendrocyte surround ___

A

neural cell bodies but do not form myelin

62
Q

microglia function

A

immune system type cells within CNS

branches touch nearby neurons & monitor their health

63
Q

if there is cell death or injury, the microglia will ____

A

migrate to dead cells & phagocytose

clean up debris

64
Q

microglial release which inflammatory mediators

A

cytokines and prostaglandins

65
Q

After stroke or trauma, microglia will release

A

glutamate & free radicals

cause neural toxic effect & has a role in information transfer

66
Q

satellite cells

A

surround cell bodies in sensory & autonomic ganglia

67
Q

where does neurogenesis in the CNS occur

A

olfactory epithelium & hippocampus

68
Q

impediments of axon regrowth during neurogenesis

A
  • astrocytes proliferate and migrate to the site and fill in the space with scarring
  • astrocytes do not secrete sufficient growth factors to support full regrowth
  • myelin from oligodendrocytes secrete substance that inhibits growth (myelin inhibitory protein)
69
Q

example of oligodendrocytes in disease

A

multiple sclerosis

70
Q

multiple sclerosis

A

myelin sheath is interrupted and damaged due to a dysfunctional autoimmune disease

interruption in neural transmission

71
Q

what cells do multiple sclerosis effect

A

glial cells

no conduction of neurons

72
Q

Neuropraxia

A

myelin damage

least severe

73
Q

Axonotmesis

A

myelin damage & axon severance

74
Q

Neurotmesis

A

myelin severance
axon severance

(most severe)

75
Q

In a crush injury or severance, the separate ends seal themselves off and then swell. why?

A

kinesin comes down to synapse –> critical to restoration of function

76
Q

PNS degeneration steps

A
  1. axon & myelin sheath distal to injury begin to disintegrate b/c they are not receiving nutrition
  2. macrophages come & with the help of Schwann cells - phagocytize the debri
77
Q

timeframe of Wallerian Degeneration in PNS & CNS

A

PNS - 1 week

CNS - 1 year

78
Q

Schwann cells role in PNS regeneration

A
  1. release NCF & IGF (growth factors
  2. Express CAM (cell surface adhesion molecules) that encourage axonal growth
  3. Form regeneration tubes to guide regeneration sprouts (soma increases protein synthesis)
79
Q

chromatolysis in PNS Regeneration

A
  1. neuron nucleus migrates toward periphery

2. cell body swells in anticipation of synthesis of proteins to support regeneration of axon

80
Q

Successful Axonal Regeneration is dependent on

A

the longer the distance of regrowth –> less success

degree of disruption of sheaths

(regenerate at 1.5 mm/day)

Neuroscience Exam 1 (7 decks)

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