Spinal cord and autonomic nervous system Flashcards
What are the two main components of the nervous system?
CNS (central nervous system) and PNS (peripheral nervous system)
CNS includes the brain and spinal cord, while PNS connects the CNS to the rest of the body.
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
31 pairs of spinal nerves
Includes 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal.
What are the three layers of the meninges?
- Dura mater
- Arachnoid mater
- Pia mater
Each layer plays a crucial role in protecting the spinal cord and brain.
What is the function of the filum terminale?
Stabilises the distal spinal cord
It is a fine filament of connective tissue that extends from the conus medullaris.
What is the conus medullaris?
The terminal part of the spinal cord
It is located at the L1/L2 level.
Where is cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) found?
In the subarachnoid space
CSF surrounds the spinal cord and brain.
What are the two enlargements of the spinal cord?
- Cervical enlargement
- Lumbosacral enlargement
These enlargements contain more neurons to innervate the upper and lower limbs.
What is the role of the anterior spinal artery?
Primarily supplies the anterior 2/3 of the spinal cord
It is one of the three main arteries supplying the spinal cord.
What are the two types of neurons in the somatic nervous system?
- Motor (efferent)
- Sensory (afferent)
These neurons control voluntary movements and sensory information from the skin.
How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?
12 pairs of cranial nerves
These nerves are part of the somatic nervous system.
What is the primary function of the sympathetic nervous system?
Innervates structures in peripheral regions of the body and viscera
It is part of the autonomic nervous system and is associated with the ‘fight or flight’ response.
What is the difference between sympathetic and parasympathetic outflow?
- Sympathetic: Thoracolumbar outflow (T1 to L2)
- Parasympathetic: Craniosacral outflow (Cranial nerves and S2-S4)
These terms describe the origins of the nerve fibers in the autonomic nervous system.
What type of anesthesia is administered in the extradural/epidural space?
Epidural anesthesia
This space is located outside the dura mater.
What is the central canal of the spinal cord filled with?
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
It runs through the center of the spinal cord.
What are the four pathways for sympathetic outflow?
- At the level of origin
- Above or below the origin
- Thoracic and cervical viscera
- Abdomen and pelvic regions
This describes how preganglionic sympathetic fibers reach their target tissues.
What is the role of the denticulate ligament?
Lateral stabilization of the spinal cord
It is an extension of the pia mater.
What is the composition of gray matter in the spinal cord?
Rich in nerve cell bodies
It has an H-shape structure.
True or False: The spinal cord is longer than the vertebral column.
False
The spinal cord is shorter than the vertebral column.
What is the clinical significance of performing a lumbar puncture?
To aspirate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
Typically performed between L3/L4 or L4/L5.
What structures are innervated by the parasympathetic nervous system?
Viscera only
It is more restricted compared to the sympathetic nervous system.
What type of fibers enter a paravertebral ganglion via a white ramus communicans?
Preganglionic sympathetic fibers
These fibers may synapse and then innervate target tissues.
What is the title of the atlas authored by Abrahams, Spratt, Loukas, and VanSchoor?
Abrahams’ and McMinn’s Clinical Atlas of Human Anatomy E-Book
Which atlas is edited by Hombach-Klonisch, Klonisch, and Peeler?
Sobotta clinical atlas of human anatomy
Who is the author of ‘Netter Atlas of Human Anatomy: Classic Regional Anatomy Approach’?
F. H. Netter
Fill in the blank: ‘Moore’s essential clinical anatomy’ is published by _______.
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
What is the focus of the book edited by Bentley in 2014?
European surgical orthopaedics and traumatology
Which publication discusses the surgical treatment of a patient with human tail and spinal cord abnormalities?
Advances in orthopedics, 2011
Who authored ‘Gray’s anatomy: the anatomical basis of clinical practice’?
Susan S.
Which editors are associated with ‘Apley & Solomon’s system of orthopaedics and trauma’?
Blom, Warwick, Whitehouse
Fill in the blank: ‘Campbell’s Operative Orthopaedics, E-Book’ is published by _______.
Elsevier Health Sciences
What type of disorders does the book edited by Kahn and Xu cover?
Musculoskeletal sports and spine disorders
What is the primary focus of ‘Last’s Anatomy e-Book: Regional and Applied’?
Anatomy
Which atlas is known for its classic regional anatomy approach?
Netter Atlas of Human Anatomy
True or False: The ‘Weir & Abrahams’ imaging atlas of human anatomy’ is available as an E-book.
True
Who are the authors of ‘Clinically oriented anatomy’?
Moore, Dalley, Agur
