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MICN201 2025 Musculoskeletal > NERVES AND VESSELS OF THE LOWER LIMB > Flashcards

NERVES AND VESSELS OF THE LOWER LIMB Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the dorsal root of the spinal nerve?

A

Afferent to the brain - Sensory information.

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2
Q

What does the ventral root of the spinal nerve carry?

A

Efferent from the brain - Motor information.

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3
Q

What is carried in a spinal nerve?

A

Mixed information.

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4
Q

What is the spinal cord contained within?

A

The vertebral canal

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5
Q

The spinal nerve exits through the ____ and divides into the _____

A

(intervertebral foramen)
(dorsal and ventral rami)

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6
Q

What does the Dorsal rami supply?

A

supplies the deep back muscles, joints and skin

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7
Q

What does the Ventral rami supply?

A

everything else
- innervates the limbs
- forms plexus

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8
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A

31

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9
Q

What forms the lumbar plexus?

A

L1-L4.

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10
Q

What forms the sacral plexus?

A

L4-S4.

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11
Q

What is the lumbosacral trunk formed by?

A

Part of L4 and L5.

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12
Q

What is the Lumbar plexus formed in?

A

Psoas major

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13
Q

What is the Sacral plexus formed in?

A

Piriformis muscle

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14
Q

What are the main peripheral nerves of the lower limb?

A
  • Femoral: L2-L4
  • Obturator: L2-L4
  • Superior gluteal: L4-S1
  • Inferior gluteal: L5-S2
  • Sciatic: L4-S3 (Tibial: L4-S3, Common peroneal: L4-S2)
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15
Q

What is the motor supply of the femoral nerve? (L2-L4)

A

Anterior thigh muscles.

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16
Q

What is the motor supply of the obturator nerve? (L2-L4)

A

Medial Thigh

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17
Q

What is the motor supply of the Superior Gluteal Nerve nerve? (L4-S1)

A

Gluteus Medius & minimums + TFL

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18
Q

What is the motor supply of the inferior Gluteal Nerve nerve? (L5-S2)

A

Gluteus Maximus

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19
Q

What sensory area does the saphenous nerve innervate?

A

Skin of anterior and medial thigh.

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20
Q

What is the function of the obturator nerve?

A

Motor supply to medial thigh muscles.

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21
Q

What muscles are innervated by the superior gluteal nerve?

A
  • Gluteus medius
  • Gluteus minimus
  • Tensor fascia lata
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22
Q

What is the function of the inferior gluteal nerve?

A

Motor supply to gluteus maximus.

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23
Q

What is the clinical significance of the sciatic nerve?

A

Injury can lead to foot drop.

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24
Q

What is the cutaneous distribution of the lower limb?

A

Each nerve innervates a specific area of skin.

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25
Q

Define dermatome.

A

Area of skin supplied by a single nerve or spinal level.

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26
Q

Define myotome.

A

Region of skeletal muscle innervated by a single nerve or spinal level.

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27
Q

What is the bifurcation of the aorta’s location?

A

At the level of L4 vertebrae.

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28
Q

What arteries supply the anterior compartment of the thigh?

A

Deep femoral artery.

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29
Q

What is the arterial supply for the posterior compartment of the leg?

A

Posterior tibial artery.

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30
Q

What artery continues into the dorsalis pedis?

A

Anterior tibial artery.

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31
Q

What are the important transition zones in the lower limb?

A
  • Femoral triangle
  • Popliteal fossa
  • Tarsal tunnel
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32
Q

What are the boundaries of the femoral triangle?

A
  • Base: inguinal lig.
  • Medial: adductor longus
  • Lateral: sartorius
  • Floor: pectineus, iliopsoas
  • Roof: fascia lata
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33
Q

What contents are found in the femoral triangle?

A

Femoral Nerve, Artery, Vein, and Lymph (NAVY) - (lateral to medial).

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34
Q

What is the femoral triangle?

A

Subfascial triangular depression inferior to the inguinal ligament

35
Q

What are the boundaries of the femoral triangle?

A
  • Base: inguinal ligament
  • Medial: adductor longus
  • Lateral: sartorius
  • Floor: pectineus, iliopsoas
  • Roof: fascia lata
36
Q

What contents are found in the femoral triangle?

A

Femoral Nerve, Artery, Vein, and Lymph (NAVY) – (lateral to medial)

37
Q

What is the femoral sheath?

A

Funnel-shaped fascial sleeve in the femoral triangle

38
Q

What does the femoral canal contain?

A
  • Fat
  • Deep inguinal lymphatics
39
Q

What is the femoral ring?

A

Upper opening of the femoral canal, a weak point in the abdomen

40
Q

What is the clinical significance of the femoral ring?

A

Site for femoral hernias, more common in females

41
Q

What is the adductor canal?

A

Fascial canal for femoral artery and vein becoming popliteal artery and vein

42
Q

What is the popliteal fossa?

A

Diamond-shaped space located in the posterior knee

43
Q

What are the boundaries of the popliteal fossa?

A
  • Superomedial: Semimembranosus & semitendinosus
  • Superolateral: Biceps femoris
  • Inferolateral: Lateral head of gastrocnemius
  • Inferomedial: Medial head of gastrocnemius
44
Q

What contents are found in the popliteal fossa?

A
  • Tibial nerve
  • Popliteal vein
  • Popliteal artery (superficial to deep)
45
Q

What is the tarsal tunnel?

A

Space formed by the flexor retinaculum containing structures of the posterior leg

46
Q

What are the contents of the tarsal tunnel?

A
  • Tibialis posterior
  • Flexor Digitorum Longus
  • Posterior Tibial Artery
  • Posterior Tibial Vein
  • Tibial Nerve
  • Flexor Hallucis Longus
47
Q

What are the two groups of veins draining the lower limb?

A
  • Deep veins
  • Superficial veins
48
Q

What is the great saphenous vein?

A

Superficial vein that drains into the femoral vein

49
Q

What is the small saphenous vein?

A

Superficial vein that drains into the popliteal vein and then into the femoral vein

50
Q

What is the role of perforating veins?

A

Connect superficial veins with deep veins

51
Q

What causes varicose veins?

A

Defective valves leading to backflow and pooling in veins

52
Q

What is deep vein thrombosis (DVT)?

A

Thrombosis in deep veins, can lead to embolism

53
Q

What can cause DVT?

A

Long-term immobilization of the leg leading to blood stasis

54
Q

What happens to lymph nodes during infections?

A

Lymph nodes enlarge

55
Q

Where are superficial inguinal nodes located?

A

In the subcutaneous tissue and easy to palpate when enlarged

56
Q

What nerves and vessels supply the gluteal region?

A
  • Gluteus medius, minimus & TFL: superior gluteal nerve and vessels
  • Gluteus maximus: inferior gluteal nerve and vessels
57
Q

What is the arterial supply of the lower limb?

A

Landmarks for peripheral arterial pulse

58
Q

What is the venous drainage of the lower limb?

A

Veins draining the lower limb form superficial and deep groups

59
Q

What is the summary of veins in the lower limb?

A
  • Deep veins have a similar name to arteries
  • Superficial veins: great saphenous & small saphenous veins
60
Q

What are the two primary plexuses that innervate the lower limb?

A

Lumbar plexus (L1–L4) and Sacral plexus (L4–S4)

These plexuses contain the major nerves responsible for lower limb innervation.

61
Q

What is the origin of the Femoral Nerve?

A

L2–L4

The Femoral Nerve is part of the lumbar plexus.

62
Q

Which muscles are innervated by the Femoral Nerve?

A

Anterior thigh muscles (quadriceps, sartorius, pectineus part)

This nerve is responsible for motor innervation to these specific muscles.

63
Q

What sensory areas does the Femoral Nerve innervate?

A

Anterior thigh and medial leg (via the saphenous nerve)

The saphenous nerve is a branch of the Femoral Nerve.

64
Q

What is the origin of the Obturator Nerve?

A

L2–L4

The Obturator Nerve is also part of the lumbar plexus.

65
Q

Which muscles are innervated by the Obturator Nerve?

A

Medial thigh muscles (adductors: adductor longus, brevis, part of magnus, gracilis, obturator externus)

This nerve primarily controls the adductor group of muscles.

66
Q

What sensory area does the Obturator Nerve innervate?

A

Small patch of medial thigh

This area is limited in size compared to other sensory innervations.

67
Q

What is the origin of the Sciatic Nerve?

A

L4–S3

The Sciatic Nerve is a major nerve of the sacral plexus.

68
Q

What two nerves does the Sciatic Nerve divide into?

A

Tibial Nerve and Common Fibular (Peroneal) Nerve

This division occurs in the posterior thigh region.

69
Q

What muscles are innervated by the Tibial Nerve?

A

Posterior thigh muscles (except short head of biceps femoris), posterior leg muscles (calf muscles), intrinsic foot muscles (most)

The Tibial Nerve is responsible for motor control of these muscle groups.

70
Q

What sensory areas does the Tibial Nerve innervate?

A

Sole of the foot (via medial and lateral plantar nerves) and heel (via medial calcaneal branches)

The Tibial Nerve provides critical sensory information from the foot.

71
Q

What is the origin of the Common Fibular (Peroneal) Nerve?

A

L4–S2

This nerve branches from the Sciatic Nerve.

72
Q

What are the two branches of the Common Fibular Nerve?

A

Superficial fibular nerve and Deep fibular nerve

Each branch has distinct motor and sensory functions.

73
Q

What muscles are innervated by the Superficial Fibular Nerve?

A

Lateral leg muscles (fibularis longus & brevis)

This nerve primarily controls the muscles responsible for eversion of the foot.

74
Q

What sensory area does the Superficial Fibular Nerve innervate?

A

Dorsum of foot (except between 1st and 2nd toes)

This nerve provides sensation to a large area of the foot.

75
Q

What muscles are innervated by the Deep Fibular Nerve?

A

Anterior leg muscles (tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, etc.)

This nerve is crucial for dorsiflexion and toe extension.

76
Q

What sensory area does the Deep Fibular Nerve innervate?

A

Web space between first and second toes

This area is important for proprioception and sensation.

77
Q

What is the origin of the Superior Gluteal Nerve?

A

L4–S1

The Superior Gluteal Nerve is responsible for innervating gluteal muscles.

78
Q

Which muscles are innervated by the Superior Gluteal Nerve?

A

Gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, tensor fasciae latae

These muscles are important for hip stabilization.

79
Q

What is the origin of the Inferior Gluteal Nerve?

A

L5–S2

The Inferior Gluteal Nerve primarily innervates the gluteus maximus.

80
Q

Which muscle is innervated by the Inferior Gluteal Nerve?

A

Gluteus maximus

This muscle is crucial for hip extension and power during movements.

81
Q

What is the origin of the Posterior Femoral Cutaneous Nerve?

A

S1–S3

This nerve is primarily sensory in function.

82
Q

What sensory areas does the Posterior Femoral Cutaneous Nerve innervate?

A

Posterior thigh and posterior upper leg

This nerve provides sensation to the back of the thigh and leg.

83
Q

What is the origin of the Pudendal Nerve?

A

S2–S4

The Pudendal Nerve is involved in perineal region innervation.

84
Q

What areas does the Pudendal Nerve innervate?

A

Perineum

Although not directly innervating the lower limb, it is relevant for pelvic floor and saddle region functions.

MICN201 2025 Musculoskeletal (17 decks)

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