Lower Limb Bones & Joints Flashcards
What are the bones forming the lower limb?
Sacrum, coccyx, pelvic/hip/innominate bone, femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsal bones, metatarsals, phalanges
What is the classification of the hip joint?
Synovial, ball and socket
What components make up the hip joint?
- Head of femur
- Acetabulum of pelvic bone
- Acetabular labrum
What movements are allowed by the hip joint?
- Flexion
- Extension
- Abduction
- Adduction
- Medial rotation
- Lateral rotation
- Circumduction
Where would you find the ASIS and AIIS?
Anterior lateral surface of ilium.
What are the regions of the Ilium bone?
ASIS
AIIS
Iliac Fossa
PSIS
PIIS
What does the pelvic girdle connect?
The lower limbs to the the vertebral column.
What are the ligaments associated with the sacroiliac joint?
- Interosseous sacro-iliac ligament
- Posterior sacro-iliac ligament overlying interosseous sacro-iliac joint
- Anterior sacro-iliac joint
Why is the posterior sacro-iliac joint fibrous?
Due to the interosseous sacro-iliac ligaments
What is the function of the acetabular labrum?
Deepens the socket and increases congruency
What are the capsular ligaments associated with the hip joint?
- Iliofemoral ligament
- Ischiofemoral ligament
- Pubofemoral ligament
What is the blood supply to the hip joint?
- Medial circumflex femoral artery
- Lateral circumflex femoral artery
- Artery to head of femur
- Retinacular arteries
What are the types of joints in the pelvis?
- Sacroiliac joint (synovial anterior, fibrous posterior)
- Pubic symphysis (cartilaginous/fibrocartilaginous)
What is the perinatal dilation of the symphysis?
3-5mm increase due to relaxin
What is the significance of relaxin during pregnancy?
Causes physiological relaxation of the joint, aiding in birth canal widening
What are the major entry and exit points to the lower limb?
- Greater sciatic foramen
- Lesser sciatic foramen
- Obturator canal
- Gap between the inguinal ligament and pelvic bone
Where does the Greater sciatic foramen lie?
Between the posterior inferior iliac spine and the ischial spine (two greater prominences)
Where does the lesser sciatic foramen lie?
Between the Ischial spine and the ischial tuberosity (two lesser prominences)
What is the classification of the knee joint?
Synovial, bicondylar (condylar) joint
What components make up the knee joint?
- Femoral condyles (medial & lateral)
- Tibial condyles (medial & lateral)
- Patella
- Menisci (medial & lateral)
How do you identify the medial and lateral sides of the menisci?
- Medial – ‘C’ shaped; lateral – more closed and round
What is the indent on the head of the femur called?
The fovea
What does the fovea allow?
Attachment of the ligament of the head of the femur
What are the two bony prominence’s on the neck of the femur called?
The greater and lesser trochanter
What is found between the lesser and greater trochanters on the Anterior side?
The Intertrochanter line
What is found between the lesser and greater trochanters on the Posterior side?
The Trochanteric crest
What is the function of the menisci in the knee joint?
- Improve joint congruency
- Distribute axial load
- Shock absorption
What are the stabilizing ligaments of the knee joint?
- Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
- Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)
- Medial collateral ligament (MCL)
- Lateral collateral ligament (LCL)
- Patellar ligament
- Popliteal tendon
What is the attachment point of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)?
Anterior of tibial intercondylar eminence to lateral condyle of femur
What is the role of the medial collateral ligament (MCL)?
Prevents valgus force/abduction
What are the bony components of the leg?
- Tibia
- Fibula
What is the role of the interosseous membrane?
- Holds tibia & fibula together
- Provides muscle attachments
- Provides force transmission
- Separates compartments
What are the bones that form the foot?
- 7 tarsal bones
- 5 metatarsals
- 14 phalanges
How many phalanges are in the foot?
14
What are the tarsal bones of the foot?
- Calcaneus
- Talus
- Cuboid
- Navicular
- 3 cuneiforms (medial, intermediate, lateral)
Fill in the blank: The _______ is the bony ring formed by two hip bones and a sacrum.
Pelvic girdle
True or False: The fibula bears weight in the leg.
False
What is the distal end of the fibula called?
Lateral malleolus
What is the clinical significance of a neck of femur fracture?
Likely to injure blood vessels around, leading to avascular necrosis
What are the 7 tarsal bones?
- Calcaneus
- Talus
- Cuboid
- Navicular
- Medial cuneiform
- Intermediate cuneiform
- Lateral cuneiform
These bones form the bony framework of the foot.
How many metatarsals are in the foot?
5 metatarsals (1st to 5th)
The 1st metatarsal is associated with the great toe, and the 5th with the little toe.
What types of phalanges are found in the foot?
- Proximal
- Middle
- Distal
The great toe has only proximal and distal phalanges.
What type of joint is the ankle/talocrural joint?
Synovial, hinge joint
This joint allows for movements such as plantarflexion and dorsiflexion.
What are the components of the ankle joint?
- Distal tibia
- Medial malleolus
- Distal fibula
- Lateral malleolus
- Talus (Trochlear surface)
These components work together to form the ankle joint.
What movements are allowed by the ankle/talocrural joint?
- Plantarflexion
- Dorsiflexion
These movements are crucial for walking and other activities.
What type of joint is the subtalar joint?
Synovial, modified multi-axial
This joint is complex and allows for multiple movements.
What are the components of the subtalar joint?
- Talus
- Calcaneus
These bones facilitate the subtalar joint’s movements.
What movements are associated with the subtalar joint?
- Inversion
- Eversion
These movements are important for balance and stability.
What does the medial ligament (deltoid ligament) prevent?
Valgus force/abduction
This ligament provides support to the medial side of the ankle.
What does the lateral ligament of the ankle prevent?
Varus force/adduction
This ligament supports the lateral side of the ankle.
What is the most frequently injured ligament in a sprained ankle?
Anterior talofibular ligament
This ligament is commonly affected in ankle sprains.
What is hallux valgus?
A deformity of the great toe
This condition often leads to a noticeable bony bump on the side of the foot.
What type of joint is the intertarsal joint?
Plane synovial
This joint allows for gliding movements between tarsal bones.
What type of joint is the tarsometatarsal joint?
Plane synovial
This joint connects the tarsal bones to the metatarsals.
What type of joint is the metatarsophalangeal joint?
Ellipsoid joint
This joint allows for flexion, extension, and limited rotation.
What type of joint is the interphalangeal joint?
Hinge joint
This joint allows for flexion and extension of the toes.
What are the three types of arches formed by the bones of the foot?
- Transverse arch
- Medial longitudinal arch
- Lateral longitudinal arch
These arches help in shock absorption and force distribution.
What maintains the arches of the foot?
- Shape of interlocking bones
- Ligaments
These structures work together to support the foot’s arches.
What is the function of the arches of the foot?
- Act as shock absorbers
- Distribution of force
The arches play a crucial role in walking and running.
What is the role of the spring ligament?
Supports the arches of the foot
This ligament is crucial for maintaining the foot’s arch structure.
What is required for dancing en pointe?
Plantar flexion from the ankle and throughout the foot
This is essential for proper balance and technique in ballet.
What type of joint is the sacroiliac joint?
Ventral: synovial; dorsal: fibrous
This joint connects the pelvis to the spine.
What ligaments support the sacroiliac joint?
- Anterior SI ligament
- Interosseous ligament
- Posterior SI ligament
- Sacrotuberous ligament
- Sacrospinous ligament
- Iliolumbar ligament
- Lumbosacral ligament
These ligaments provide stability to the sacroiliac joint.
What type of joint is the pubic symphysis?
Fibrocartilaginous joint
This joint allows for slight movement and absorbs shock.
What ligaments support the pubic symphysis?
- Superior pubic ligament
- Inferior/arcuate pubic ligament
These ligaments help stabilize the pubic symphysis.
What makes up the hip joint?
- Head of femur
- Acetabulum
This joint is crucial for lower limb mobility.
What enhances the congruency of the hip joint?
Acetabular labrum
This structure deepens the socket of the hip joint.
What are the major ligaments of the knee joint?
- ACL (Anterior Cruciate Ligament)
- PCL (Posterior Cruciate Ligament)
- MCL (Medial Collateral Ligament)
- LCL (Lateral Collateral Ligament)
These ligaments provide stability and support to the knee.
What movements does the ankle joint allow?
- Plantarflexion
- Dorsiflexion
These movements are essential for walking and running.
What movements does the subtalar joint allow?
- Inversion
- Eversion
These movements are important for balance and agility.
